Transnational Corporations and Underdevelopment

analysis analyzed average Berweger and Hoby Bornschier 1975 Bornschier and Ballmer-Cao Brazil capitalist capitalist world-economy Cardoso Chase-Dunn commodities competitive core countries core/periphery cross-national dependent industrialization dependent variable division of labor Dolan and Tomlin domestic market economic development economic growth effect of penetration effect of transnational empirical Equation exports findings foreign capital foreign direct investment foreign investment Gini index GNP per capita growth rate hypothesis important increase interaction intervening variable KFDI larger less developed countries level of development level of economic manufacturing measure Meyer-Fehr negative effect organizational penetration by transnational penetration on economic percent period peripheral countries personal income inequality political positive production relative Rubinson sectors significant social South Korea spatioeconomic hierarchy structure studies Table transnational corporate penetration transnational firms transnational penetration U.S. dollars underdevelopment uneven development Weede and Tiefenbach World Bank world division world market world-economy world-system