Introduction to Ceramics

activation energy addition alumina applied atoms bond brick carbide cation ceramic ceramic materials clay co-ordination composition concentration cooling corresponding cristobalite crystal crystalline curve decreases deformation density diagram dielectric constant diffusion coefficient discussed in Chapter dislocation effect electron electron hole enamels equilibrium expansion coefficient feldspar firing forsterite fraction fracture frequency glaze grain boundaries grain growth heat high temperatures illustrated in Fig impurities increases interface interstitial ionic lattice layer liquid magnetic metal mullite noncrystalline normal nucleation observed occurs oxide oxygen ions particle perature phases present plastic polarization polycrystalline porcelain pores porosity pressure properties quartz range ratio reaction refraction refractory result sample shown in Fig shrinkage silicate glasses sintering SiO2 soda-lime-silica sodium sodium chloride solid solution spinel stable strength stress structure surface energy temperature dependence thermal conductivity TiO2 tion transformation tridymite ture vacancies vapor viscosity volume ware