Seismic and Acoustic Velocities in Reservoir Rocks: Recent developments

acoustic anisotropy applied approximation assumed attenuation average Biot bulk modulus calculated caused coefficients composite compressibility compressional constant core correlation cracks decreases density dependence derived determined direction dispersion dynamic effective elastic equation estimated example experimental Figure flooding flow fluid formation fraction fractures frame frequency function Gassmann Geophys Geophysics given grain higher hydrate hydrocarbon increase isotropic km/s laboratory layers limit liquid lower material matrix measured mechanism medium method mineral mixture observed obtained P-wave parameters permeability phase physical pore pore fluid pore pressure porosity porous predicted present pressure propagation properties range ratio relations relationship reservoir respectively rocks samples sand sandstone saturated sediments seismic shales shear shown solid sound space static stress Table temperature theory tion ultrasonic values versus volume wave wave velocities