apprehension in the summer of the following year—an army under General Bradstreet having subdued or overawed the enemy. During the war of the Revolution, the Indian tribes of the west, inflamed and excited by the representations and promises of British agents, proved formidable enemies to the colonists. The spring of 1781 was particularly disastrous to the interests of the settlers in Western Kentucky and upon the north-western frontier. Even after the conclusion of peace with England, and the establishment of American independence, Indian affairs continued for many years in an unsettled state. The minds of the savages were permanently alienated from the colonists, and murders and depredations were of constant occurThe first attempts to subdue them by force of arms were signally unsuccessful: the disastrous defeats of Harmar and St. Clair by the confederate tribes under Michikinaqua, or Little Turtle, gave convincing proof of the strength, courage, and sagacity of the undisciplined enemy. It was not until the autumn of 1794, that an effectual blow was struck, and the power of the Indians crushed, by the army under General Wayne. rence. After ten years of peace, a new champion arose in behalf of the humiliated race, in the person of Tecumseh, a noted warrior of a mixed parentage, his father being a Shawanee, while his mother belonged to one of the southern tribes. To his skill as a negotiator, and bravery as a warrior, Tecumseh was indebted for the personal influence which he was enabled so successfully to exert over the natives of the west; but the powerful aid of superstition was called in to give confidence to his followers. His brother, the Prophet, without openly disclosing his designs, commenced preaching to the Indians, in the year 1804, pointing out the causes which were operating to destroy their power and independence, and especially enforcing the necessity for union and sobriety. Carefully avoiding a rupture with the whites, he established himself, in 1807, upon the Tippecanoe river, in Northern Indiana, and collected about him a band of those devoted to his cause. New causes of complaint having arisen, in 1810, from the manner in which certain purchases of Indian land upon the Wabash had been negotiated by Governor Harrison, Tecumseh started for the South, and with astonishing success aroused a disaffection towards the United States' government among the southern Indian tribes. While he was still absent upon this mission, the disorderly and lawless conduct of the Indians at the Prophet's Town, was such as to call for active measures, and a force, under Harrison, was dispatched to dislodge them. The battle of Tippecanoe, desperately but unavailingly contested by the Indians, resulted in their defeat and dispersion. When war again broke out between the United States and England, the effects of Tecumseh's machinations were manifest throughout the whole western country. His perseverance, energy, talent, and zeal for the English cause, rendered him a most dangerous enemy. Upon the invasion of Canada by the American army, under General Harrison, in 1813, Tecumseh, with a strong body of his warriors, accompanied the British general, Proctor, in his flight up the Thames river. Choosing an advantageous position, not far from Moravian town, the combined English and Indian forces awaited the approach of the Americans. The celebrated battle of the Thames was fought upon the 5th of October (1813). After their white allies were completely routed, the Indians, protected by their position in a swamp, held their ground manfully until the death of their leader. The reverses of the English, and the loss of their great chief, completely changed the attitude of the North-western tribes. No further important hostilities occurred, prior to the difficulties connected with the removal of the Sacs in 1831-2; and a general readiness was exhibited to treat with the Americans as friends, or as superiors with whom it were hopeless further to contend. WILLIAM PENN, AND THE SETTLEMENT OF PENNSYLVANIA.: CHAPTER I. EARLY LIFE OF PENN-HIS RELIGIOUS IMPRESSIONS-JOINS THE SECT OF IN pleasing contrast with the fierce and cruel adventurers, tne rapacious and unscrupulous speculators, and the zealous but illiberal sectarians, to whom, in so many instances, we owe the establishment of European colonies in America, stands the name of William Penn. Although he was by no means free from ordinary human weakness, the record of his life presents a series of conflicts between interest and principle, a general course of indomitable perseverance, a humane and generous sympathy with the oppressed, and a spirit of liberality in religion and politics so far in advance of his age, as to justify the eulogies which have ever been heaped upon him. William was the son of Admiral Sir William Penn, a name famous in the annals of naval warfare. He was born at London on the 14th of October, 1644. In early youth he experi enced certain enthusiastic religious impressions, which gave color to the whole of his long and eventful life. When placed at the university of Oxford, at the age of fifteen, he came under the influence of the noted Thomas Loe, a preacher of the society of Quakers, and, with a number of other students, was in the habit of holding and attending private meetings for worship. A fine imposed by the collegiate authorities, for non-conformity, only roused an antagonistic spirit, which was forcibly displayed upon the occasion of a general order from the king (Charles II.) for a revival of the old custom of wearing the surplice. Penn, with Robert Spencer (afterwards Earl of Sunderland), and a few other kindred spirits, "fell upon those students who appeared in surplices, and he and they together tore them everywhere over their heads. This outrage was of so flagrant and public a nature, that the college immediately took it up; and the result was that William and several of his associates were expelled."* The adoption by Penn of the irregular religious doctrines of the despised sect of Quakers, his disinclination for noble and courtly society, and his growing seriousness, awakened strong apprehensions in the mind of the admiral, lest the bright prospects which he had anticipated for his son should be blighted. Persuasion and entreaty proved powerless to change the youthful but determined purpose of William, and blows and expulsion from the paternal roof only served to render him more resolute and more devoted to his chosen doctrines. After a partial reconciliation with his father, he was sent to France, where he pursued his theological studies at Saumur. Returning to England, he spent one year (1664-5) as a student at Lincoln's Inn; after which, having now attained his majority, he was sent to Ireland, and entrusted with the management of large estates owned there by his father. Unfortunately for the views of the admiral, young Penn fell in with his old spiritual guide, Thomas Loe, at a Quaker meeting in Cork, and all his former religious enthusiasm revived. He was imprisoned, together with a number of his associates, for attending the conventicles of the sect, these being classified as "tumultuous assemblies." On application to Lord Orrery he was released, but only to devote himself more assiduously to the cause in behalf of which he had suffered persecution. The admiral, learning that his son was commonly reputed a Quaker, summoned him to return home, and, after satisfying himself of the truth of the report, used every persua * Clarkson's Life of Penn. sion to subdue his contumacy. He finally told William that if he would but consent so far to conform to the established customs and proprieties of society as not to wear his hat when seated in the presence of his father, of the king, and of the duke of York, he might follow his own inclinations in other respects. After long and serious consideration, the young enthusiast made known to his parent, in the most affectionate and respectful terms, his firm determination not to be guilty of the required "hat-worship." The consequence was that he was a second time thrown upon the world to shift for himself. Private assistance from his mother and other friends enabled him to subsist until he made his public appearance as a preacher of his persuasion. He became a prominent supporter of the sect, and published various works, in which the doctrines of the established church were attacked. For these heretical publications, he was committed to the Tower, and there passed seven months in close confinement. While a prisoner, he wrote the celebrated essay upon the trials which a Christian must be willing cheerfully to endure, entitled "No Cross, No Crown." After his discharge from prison, the admiral so far relented as to allow him to return home, without, however, holding any personal intercourse with him. Again commissioned to attend to business of his father in Ireland, Penn took the opportunity to encourage and assist his persecuted brethren, holding meetings with them in the jails where they were confined, and exerting himself, in many instances successfully, to procure their release. Upon the passage of the "Conventicle Act," in 1670, whereby further restrictions were laid upon dissenters, Penn was again brought into difficulty by holding forth publicly in Gracechurch street, the doors of the meeting-house being closed by the authorities. The account of his celebrated trial, acquittal, and imprisonment for non-payment of a fine imposed for contempt of court, is among the most interesting, and in some respects amusing, of the records of judicial proceedings in |