protect them from imposition, and to guarantee to them impartial justice. Trade with them was to be carried on in the public market-place, and the goods bartered in exchange for their furs were to be examined and tested, "that the said Indians might neither be abused nor provoked." Differences between the Indians and settlers were to be decided in accordance with the verdict of twelve men, "that is, by six planters and six Indians, that so they might live friendly together, as much as in them lay, preventing all occasions of heart-burnings and mischief."

After the death of his mother, in 1682, Penn, having framed and published a concise constitutional code of laws for his American colony, prepared to cross the ocean, and lend the aid of his personal superintendence in settling its affairs. He first procured a release from the duke of York, of any claims which he might have in the territory of Pennsylvania, and obtained from him a cession of all his title and interest in and to a contiguous tract, known as "The Territories," then occupied by Dutch and Swedish colonists. After writing a long and admirable letter of comfort and pious counsel to his wife and children, Penn set sail for America about the 1st of September (1682). Not far from one hundred emigrants, mostly of his own sect, and inhabitants of the county where he resided, embarked in the same vessel with him.

He was received with great enthusiasm and delight by all the colonists, whether English, Dutch, or Swedes, over whom his jurisdiction was extended. His first public act was performed at the Dutch Court-house in Newcastle, where he formally took possession of the country, renewing the commissions of the magistrates, and giving public assurance of the toleration and impartiality which should mark his government. At Upland, the name of which he changed to Chester, the first General Assembly was called, at which the code of laws before digested by Penn, with some alterations and additions, was formally adopted, and the union of the "Territories" with the province of Pennsylvania, was sanctioned. After a visit

to New York and Maryland, Penn returned to his own territory, to attend the confirmation of a treaty before negotiated with the Indians by the commissioners sent out from England.

At the time appointed, the parties to this novel contract met at Coaquannoc, where Philadelphia was afterwards built; the Quakers, "consisting of men, women, and young persons of both sexes," entirely unarmed, while the Indian chiefs and their followers "were seen in the woods as far as the eye could carry, and looked frightful, both on account of their number and their arms."* The treaty was concluded at Shackamaxon, a little farther up the river, beneath a huge elm, which for many years after continued to mark the spot. The Indians, laying down their weapons, seated themselves in a semi-circle upon the ground around their sachems, and Penn, after a display of the articles of merchandise which constituted a portion of the price paid for the land, unrolled the parchment upon which the mutual covenants were engrossed, and, by an interpreter, explained its provisions. He also enlarged upon the principles of peace and good-will which were professed by the colony, and, in a style of metaphor, suited to the customs and taste of his auditors, gave promises of favor and friendship. By the provisions of the charter, the Indians were still to be allowed the free use of all the unoccupied land granted to the colonists: "it was to be common to them and the English. They were to have the same liberty to do all things therein relating to the improvement of their grounds, and providing sustenance for their families, which the English had."

The charter was given to the principal sachem, with directions "to preserve it carefully for three generations," and, as late as 1722, "it was shown by the Mingoes, Shawanese, and other Indians, to Governor Keith, at a conference." This treaty was kept with singular good faith upon both sides for more than half a century; according to Robert Proud, the mutual friendship of the Indians and whites, "for the space

Clarkson's Life of Penn.

† Ibid

of more than seventy years, was never interrupted, or so long as the Quakers retained power in the government."

A regular survey of the acquired territory was soon commenced, and the city of Philadelphia was laid out. The name of this city was bestowed by Penn himself, "in token of that principle of brotherly love, upon which he had come to these parts; which he had shown to Dutch, Swedes, Indians, and others alike; and which he wished might forever characterize his new dominions."

A settlement commenced so honorably, in so humane and Christian a spirit, and conducted by such a sober and conscientious community, could hardly fail to prosper. Throughout Penn's administration, his efforts were unwearied in preserv ing peace with the natives, and in extending to them the bless ings of instruction and civilization. In the year 1684, when he returned to England, there were about twenty-five hundred inhabitants of Philadelphia, and the whole number of colonists under his charge amounted to some seven thousand.

The accession of James II., to whose care he had been specially commended by his father the admiral, gave William Penn great influence at the English court-an influence which was steadily and zealously exerted in behalf of the persecuted sect to which he was attached. To give even the briefest outline of his after political life, his virtues and failings, the absurd slanders reported against him, and the consequent shifting of popular favor, would exceed our limits; and the events of his career in England, although highly interesting, offer too little in connection with his American transactions, to demand a lengthened consideration. He visited America in 1699, and immediately convened the general assembly for the purpose of passing acts to restrain piracy and illicit traffic, evil reports having been widely circulated in England, to the effect that the colonists had countenanced these irregularities. He afterwards vainly attempted to procure the passage of two acts by the assembly, for the protection and improvement of the negro slaves owned within the territory, and "for preventing abuses upon the Indians." In other matters he was at issue with the

assembly, and complained, with some justice, of its attempts to control his property and curtail his rights. His usual moderation and forbearance, however, prevented any serious disagreement. During his stay, he was careful to extend and renew his treaties with the natives, who rightly looked up to him as their truest friend and benefactor. When the report of his intended departure reached them, numbers came to bid him farewell. With many affectionate exhortations and expressions of benevolence, he strove on the occasion of this his last personal interview with the Indians, to impress upon them the necessity for an effort upon their own part to assist in the enforcement of certain proposed laws for suppressing the sale of ardent spirits among them.

After his return to England, pecuniary embarrassments pressed heavily upon the generous and open-hearted proprietor of Pennsylvania. From various causes, principally a neglect of his own interests in extending civilization in America, he became so far involved, that he was for a time compelled to reside within the rules of the Fleet prison. In 1709, he mortgaged his province of Pennsylvania to relieve himself from the pressure of debt. During the last six years of his life, his bodily and mental faculties were greatly impaired: he died, after a gradual decline, on the 30th of July, 1718.

DANIEL BOONE,

THE PIONEER OF KENTUCKY.

CHAPTER I.

"Of all men, saving Sylla the man-slayer,
Who passes for in life and death most lucky,

Of the great names which in our faces stare,

Old Colonel Boone, backwoodsman of Kentucky,

Was happiest among mortals any where."-Don Juan.

PARENTAGE AND YOUTH OF BOONE-HIS PASSION FOR HUNTING AND ADVENTURE-REMOVES TO THE YADKIN-HIS MARRIAGE-TROUBLED BY NEW SETTLERS-HIS EXPEDITION TO KENTUCKYAdventures there-soLITARY LIFE—his return, and ATTEMPT TO FORM A SETTLEMENT-ITS FAILURE-HIS

FINAL SUCCESS-PERILOUS INCIDENT.

DANIEL BOONE, one of the most famous of Western adventurers, was the son of an Englishman, who, in the early part of the eighteenth century, emigrated to Pennsylvania. The date of his birth seems not certainly known, but it was somewhere from 1727 to 1734. His father dwelt on the Schuylkill, near the town of Reading, then on the very frontier of the wilderness; and the grand passion of Daniel, from a tender age, was for hunting and a free life in the forest. Once, it is said, when a mere boy, he absented himself from home for several days, and was finally discovered by the smoke from the rude hut which he had constructed in the woods, and in which he was living by the fruits of his rifle. He detested school, and received little education, not even learning (it has been said) to write. While yet a youth, with all the family, he started through the wilderness to found a new home on the distant banks of the Yadkin, in North Carolina.