(4) An Infinitive (i.e. a Verbal Substantive).

(5) A Substantival Clause.

The Predicate must contain a Finite Verb.

34. OBS. 1.—Examples (4) and (5) are often expressed thus:

(4) It is human to err.

(5) It is certain that he will come.

The Pronoun "it" stands in Apposition to the Phrase or Clause, which then follows its Verb instead of preceding it.

OBS. 2.

"There" is often used when the Subject fol

lows its Verb; as:

There is a remedy for everything.

There," used in this way, does not necessarily mean "in that place."

OBS. 3.-The Subject is often omitted (because it is understood) when the Sentence is a Command of the Second Person; as:

Be quiet ("thou" understood).

Hold your tongues ("ye" understood).

OBS. 4.-The Subject may be Composite; that is, it may consist of two or more words joined by Conjunctions; as: Time and tide wait for no man.

35. To find the Subject of a Sentence, ask a question by putting "Who?" or "What?" before the Finite Verb.

Thus in (1): What flies?-A. "Time." Therefore "Time" is the Subject.

So in (4): What is (human) ?-A. "To err." ?—A. Therefore" To err" is the Subject.

The Subject which we find in this way is generally the Grammatical Subject, or the Nominative Case.

36. The Logical Subject often includes the Grammatical Subject, and other words which qualify it. These other words are called Qualifying Words. Take the Sentence:

Birds of a feather flock together.

The Finite Verb is "flock." Q. Who (or what) flock?-A. "Birds" flock. Therefore "Birds" is the Grammatical Subject. But the words "of a feather" qualify "birds." Therefore "birds of a feather" is the Logical Subject. We see then that the Grammatical Subject is often only part of the Logical Subject.

37. Again, take the Sentence:

The money was collected in England with great difficulty.

The Finite Verb is "was collected." The Subject is "the money." "In England" is an Adverbial Phrase qualifying "was collected," showing where it "was collected." "With great difficulty" is another Adverbial Phrase qualifying "was collected," showing how it "was collected." We see then that the Finite Verb is often only part of the Predicate.

C

QUALIFYING WORDS.

38. We saw above that:

1. Adjectives qualify Substantives.

2. Adverbs qualify Verbs, Adjectives, or other Adverbs.

Also we can have:

Adjectival Phrases instead of Adjectives.
Adverbial Phrases instead of Adverbs.

39. Now take the Sentence:

Philip's army was victorious.

Here "Philip's" evidently qualifies the Substantive "army," distinguishing this "army" from others. But "Philip's" is a Substantive in the Possessive Case. So that the Possessive Case of a Substantive may be used instead of an Adjective. Thus: "England's king"="The king of England" "The English king.”

=

40. Again, different Substantives are often used in the same Clause to name the same person or thing; as: King John.

Queen Mary.

DEFINITION. Substantives are said to be in Apposition when they are different names for the same thing.

OBS.-The Preposition "of" is sometimes used with Substantives that are in Apposition; as:

Substantives (in Apposition) qualify Substantives.

Substantives (in Possessive

42. OBS.-A Substantive with qualifying Participle (expressed or understood) is often used Absolutely; that is, neither as Subject nor Object of Verb, nor governed by a Preposition; as:

(1) I still had hopes, my long vexations past,
Here to return-and die at home at last.

(2) But on he moves to meet his latter end,
Angels around befriending virtue's friend.

(3) Soldier, rest! thy warfare o'er,

Sleep the sleep that knows not breaking.

Here the Participle "being" is understood.

Although these expressions are grammatically independent, a Dependent Clause is implied in each case. (65.)

Thus in (1) we may substitute:

When my long vexations were past.

In (2) we may substitute :

Whilst angels around befriend.

In (3) we may substitute:

Since thy warfare is o'er.

THE VERB INFINITE.

43. The forms of the Verb Infinite are:

44.

The Infinitive: "To love."

The Gerund: "Loving," which is a Verbal Sub-
stantive.

The Participles: "Loving," "loved," which are
Verbal Adjectives.

And the Compound forms of these.

(1) 'Tis sweeter far to me

To walk together to the kirk
With a goodly company.

Here "to walk" is a Verbal Substantive standing as Subject of " is," in Apposition to “it.”

(2) He loves to talk with mariners.

Here "to talk" is a Verbal Substantive standing as Object of "loves."

NOTE. The Infinitive, standing as Object, may have a Subject expressed.

We shall not see the sun go down to-day.

see is not "the sun only, but " is the Subject of "go."

Here the Object of " "the sun go down;" "the sun

There is very little difference between this sentence and the following:

We shall not see the sun going down to-day;

where " sun" is the Object of "see," and "going" is a Participle qualifying "sun."

In the colloquial expression "I heard say," the Subject of the Infinitive "say" is understood.