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lead the warlike and unfortunate Britons. He was of an amiable and peaceable disposition, more disposed to frequent churches than camps.

In 664 a plague broke out which spread desolation over Britain and Ireland, and great numbers perished in it; and one of the victims was the British king.1

His son was Idwal, and it has been supposed that Cadwaladr's daughter married Cenbert and was mother of Ceadwalla. Ceadwalla went to Rome on pilgrimage and died there, and the similarity of names has led to confusion. It has been related that Cadwaladr ran away from Britain to escape the plague, and took refuge with Alan, King of Armorica. There was no such a king in Brittany at the time. The story goes on to say that as he was preparing to return home an angel appeared to him and commanded him to relinquish his purpose and undertake a pilgrimage to Rome. Resigning his kingdom, therefore, in favour of his son, Ifor, he died on May 12, 688.

The confusion is obvious. He and Ceadwalla have been confounded together. Ceadwalla was an atrocious ruffian. He subdued the Isle of Wight with the deliberate intention of putting all the inhabitants to the sword, and he carried out his purpose with unpitying ferocity, killing men, women and children, that he might replace the Jute colonists with his own West Saxons. Having accomplished his bloody purpose, he handed over the spoil to S. Wilfrid, who does not seem to have lifted a finger to avert the massacre, but looked on with cold eye, unsympathetic, because the wretched Jutes were pagans.

Ceadwalla went to Rome in 688, and was well received by Pope Sergius I, who baptized him, and he died a few days after. The Pope ordered a laudatory epitaph to be inscribed on the tomb of this murderous monster, and his relics to be honoured.

Cadwaladr was a far more respectable personage. He was mild and generous, but a poor creature nevertheless. We may set his death as taking place in 664, twenty-four years before that of Ceadwalla.

1 Nennius says: 66 Oswald, son of Ethelfrid, reigned nine years he slew Catgublaun (Cadwallon), King of Guenedotia, in the battle of Catscaul, with much loss to his own army. Oswiu, son of Ethelfrid, reigned twentyeight years and six months. During his reign, there was a dreadful mortality among his subjects, when Catgualart (Cadwaladr) was king among the Britons, succeeding his father; and he himself died amongst the rest." The Annales Cambria, under the year 682, make him die then of the plague in Britain. See, generally, on the date and place of his death, Haddan and Stubbs, Councils, etc., i, p. 202.

The Welsh Triads state that Golyddan the Bard some time or other gave him a box on the ears, for which he paid the penalty by an axeblow on the head; that he was one of the three sovereigns of the Isle of Britain who wore golden bands (insignia of supreme power); and that he was one of its three Blessed Sovereigns, on account of the protection that he afforded to "the faithful who fled from the faithless Saxons and the foreigners." "1 He seems to derive his epithet Bendigaid from this, as well as from his having been confounded with Ceadwalla.

There are several churches dedicated to him or supposed to have been founded by him-Llangadwaladr, otherwise called Tref Esgob, Bishopston or Bishton (under Llanwern), and Magwyr or Magor (now dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary), in Monmouthshire; Llanfihangel Fedwy,2 or Michaelston-y-Vedw (now to the Archangel), partly in Glamorganshire and partly in Monmouthshire; Llangadwaladr, in Denbighshire, formerly called Bettws Cadwaladr (i.e., his bead-house); and Llangadwaladr, previously called, it is said, Eglwys Ael, in Anglesey, near Aberffraw, where the kings of Gwynedd resided. His grandfather, Cadfan, was buried at Eglwys Ael, and a rude inscription on a rough stone, of apparently the seventh century, runs-" Catamanus rex sapientisimus opinatisimus omnium regum." In the parish of Llanddeiniolfab, in Anglesey, are the remains of an ancient small building called Capel Llangadwaladr.

All the Welsh Calendars of the give November 12 as his Festival. of Sir H. Nicolas, gives October 9. The following occurs among the "Sayings of the Wise "4.

fifteenth and sixteenth centuries

Rees, however, on the authority
So also Browne Willis.

Hast thou heard the saying of Cadwaladr,

King of All Wales;

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The best crooked thing is the crooked handle of a plough."
(Goreu cloff yw cloff aradr.)

Heraldry speaks of the standard of the Red Dragon of King Cadwaladr, which was borne before him to battle. It was probably the ensign of the Insularis Draco, with which title Gildas styles Maelgwn Gwynedd, the Gwledig.5

Cadwaladr was long expected to return some day to lead the Brythons to victory, to assert the ancient rights of his family, the

1 Mabinogion, ed. Rhys and Evans, pp. 301, 305; Myv. Arch., pp. 393, 403-5. 2 Iolo MSS., p. 221. 3 Welsh Saints, p. 301.

4 Iolo MSS., p. 257; cf. Myv. Arch., p. 846.

5 On the standard, and the title Pendragon, see Zimmer, Nennius Vindicatus, Berlin, 1893, p. 286, note.

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Kessarogyon or Cæsarians, and to restore to them their rightful crown and sovereignty." There is a number of predictive poems relating to him in the thirteenth century MS., the Book of Taliessin.1

Truly he will come

With his host and his ships,

His scaring shields,

And charging lances.

And after a valiant shout,

His will shall be done!"

He has his Welsh analogues in Arthur and Owen Lawgoch.

S. CADWALADR, Abbot, Confessor

A DISCIPLE of S. Cadoc who accompanied him to Armorica, where he founded a daughter house to Llancarfan on an islet in the Sea of Belz. When Cadoc had well established this house he placed over it Cadwaladr as its head.2

Cadoc had constructed a causeway between the mainland and the island, but this went to pieces after he left. According to the legend, it was miraculously repaired by angels, and made stronger than before. This means no more than that Cadwaladr set his monks to work to reconstruct it.3

One church in Brittany is supposed to regard him as patron, S. Segal near Châteaulin, where is his statue. He is there commemorated on the Sunday nearest to October 18.

S. CADWALLON LAWHIR

ONE pedigree in the Iolo MSS. includes Cadwallon, or Caswallon, Lawhir (the Long-handed) among the Welsh Saints, and states, "Caswallon Lawhir, the son of Einion Yrth ab Cunedda Wledig, founded a church for God in the place where he obtained a victory over his enemies, and called it Llan y Gwyddyl (the church of the

1 Skene, Four Ancient Books of Wales, i, pp. 436-46. The Iolo MSS., p. 125, state that it will take place when his bones are brought from Rome; cf. the Epitome" in Cambro-British Saints, p. 283.

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3 Ibid., p. 69.

Goidels). It is in Anglesey, and is now called Cerrig y Gwyddyl.” 1 Caswallon is reported to have slain Serigi the Goidel with his own hand, and thus to have given the death-blow to the Goidelic occupation of North Wales and completed the Cuneddan conquest. Welsh tradition persistently credits him with having crushed the Goidels.2 He died, as it is believed, in 517, and was succeeded by his son, the celebrated Maelgwn Gwynedd. The true form of his name was Cadwallon Lawhir. He was a munificent patron of SS. Cybi, Seiriol, and Elian, but especially of S. Elian; and the remains of his palace, Llys Caswallon, near Llaneilian, may still be seen.

3

Llan or Capel y Gwyddyl (also called Eglwys y Bedd), erected over the spot where Serigi fell, stands close to the present parish church of Holyhead. Tradition has it that Serigi's remains were removed hence by the Goidels and re-interred in Dublin.

As there is in reality no authority for including Caswallon among the Welsh Saints, we will not pursue his history further.

S. CADWR, Bishop, Confessor

HE is mentioned as a Saint in one passage only, and he is therein said to have been a son of Ednyfed ab Macsen Wledig, and bishop in "the Isle of Britain." He resided at Caerleon on Usk. His father was King of Gwent, as was also his brother Dyfnwal Hên.

S. CADWY, see S. Cado

S. CAEMEN, or CYMMUN, Abbot, Confessor

EGLWYS CYMMUN, or Eglwys Gymmun, in Carmarthenshire, probably takes its name from an Irish Saint, Caemen or Coemen, the brother of S. Cuacha, Ciwa or Kewe, and of S. Athracta, and half1 This place is near Malldraeth, in S. Anglesey (see Lewis Morris, Celtic Remains, s.v. Serigi).

2 Iolo MSS., pp. 78-82; Triads in Myv. Arch., pp. 391, 397.

3 See the old Welsh genealogies of Harl. MS. 3859, the Bonedd in Peniarth MS. 45, and the Red Book Bruts, p. 200. He received the epithet Longhanded because he could "reach a stone from the ground to kill a crow without bending his back"; see Gweithiau Iolo Goch, ed. Ashton, p. 669.

Iolo MSS., p. 138.

brother of S. Coemgen or Kevin of Glendalough. His nephew, S. Dagan, had a chapel at Llanwnda in Pembrokeshire. The pedigree

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Caemen is mentioned in the Calendar of Engus, and is there spoken of as the brother of S. Coemgen.1 He had been a disciple of S. Mochoemog or Pulcherius, abbot of Enach-Truim or Anatrim, and to him Pulcherius surrendered the abbacy. He had also been a pupil of S. Columba of Tir-da-glas, along with S. Fintan.2

In the Life of S. Pulcherius is this story. The saint went to Anatrim and began to build a cell there. Then a man came up and forbade his proceeding with the work. Pulcherius replied that he would go on unless his hand were forcibly stayed. Then the man held his arms to stop him. Pulcherius inquired his name, and he replied that it was Bronach, “the sad one." 'Sad, indeed, shalt thou be," said Pulcherius, "for you and your family will be expelled this country. But here I shall remain, till a man of God named Coeman comes here, to him I shall resign the place, and this shall be the place of his resurrection." 3

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The day on which S. Caemen, or Coemen, is commemorated in the Martyrology of Oengus, in that of O'Gorman, in those of Drummond and Donegal is November 3.

S. Pulcherius died 490-8; Columba of Tir-da-glas in 548; his brother or half-brother S. Coemgen in 617; his fellow disciple, S. Fintan, in 634. We may, accordingly, place the date of the death of S. Caemen in the first half of the seventh century.

In a MS. in the British Museum, temp. Edward III, the church is called "Ecclesia de Sancto Cumano." 4 In the Valor of 1535 it is

1 Félire of Oengus, ed. Whitley Stokes, p. clxviii.

2 Acta SS. Hibern., Cod. Salam., col. 290.

3 Colgan, Acta SS. Hibern., p. 590.

4 Arch. Camb., 1907, p. 261.

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