introduced, and to whom he gave up the district now termed "Little England beyond Wales." To make room for his Flemings, the Welsh were dispossessed, and driven out of the country.

Caradog was specially troubled by one Richard Tankard, who impounded his cattle and sheep. The wife of Tankard, however, treated the holy man with much consideration, and often sent her youngest son Richard to him with provisions. Richard the Elder was governor of the Castle of Haverford. Giraldus says that the young boy so ingratiated himself in the eyes of the hermit, that Caradog often promised him, along with his blessing, that his brothers, who were older than himself, should die before him, and that he would inherit the paternal possessions-a promise not calculated to act wholesomely on the boy's mind. Once it happened that the young man was out hunting, when a violent storm of rain coming on, he turned for shelter to the hermit's cell. "Being unable to get his hounds together either by calling, coaxing or by offering them food, the holy man smiled, and making a gentle motion with his hand, brought them all to him immediately." 1

The annoyance caused by the elder Tankard ceased, as he was carried over the cliffs when out hunting a stag, which bounded into the sea and was followed by the hounds and the steed mounted by Tankard; but this was after the death of the hermit whom he vexed. The elder brothers of young Richard having happily deceased, the young man came into all the inheritance of his father.

Caradog died in the year 1124 at Haroldston S. Issell's.2

He had desired that his body should be conveyed to S. David's, but Tankard endeavoured to detain it. However, being unwell, and attributing this to his having gone against the last wishes of Caradog, he permitted it to be conveyed thither. As the corpse was being transported to S. David's, a storm of rain came on as the procession was traversing the sands of Newgate; when the bearers and the convoy escaped for shelter into a house. On coming forth they found that the silken pall that had covered the bier was not wet and was uninjured, and this was regarded as miraculous.

A chapel, called Cradock's Chapel, was afterwards erected on the spot, and was subordinate to Roch, but it has disappeared, and some mounds only indicate the locality.

The body was buried in S. David's Cathedral

Iin the left aisle,

1 Itin. Kamb., bk. i, ch. xi.

His death, as Caradawc Vynach, is entered in the chronicle, O Oes Gwrtheyrn (Oxf. Bruts, p. 405).

near the altar of the holy proto-martyr Stephen." His shrine is often mistaken for that of S. David.1

The site of Caradog's hermitage was probably near a place called Portfield, the common on which Haverfordwest races are held, as there is a well there, once noted, called Caradog's Well, round which, till a few years ago, a sort of Vanity Fair was held, where cakes were sold, and country games were performed. It was held on the Monday in Easter or Whitsun week.2

Giraldus Cambrensis endeavoured to get him canonized,3 but failed, which he attributed to spite.

Lawrenny Church is dedicated to Caradog, His day is April 13th according to Nicolas Roscarrock, but the 14th according to the Calendar in Cotton MS. Vesp. A. xiv (early thirteenth century).

He is one of the few Welsh Saints who lived after the close of the Age of the Saints.

S. CARANNOG, Bishop, Confessor

THERE is some uncertainty as to whose son Carannog was, whether he was son of Ceredig ab Cunedda Wledig, or son of Corun ab Ceredig. According to the Progenies Keredic Regis de Keredigan, at the end of the Cognatio de Brychan, in Cotton MS. Vesp. A. xiv. (of the early thirteenth century) and his Vita in the same Collection, he was the son of Ceredig, and therefore brother of Corun. The genealogies in Harleian MS. 4181,5 Peniarth MS. 12,6 Hafod MS. 16,7 and the Iolo MSS.,8 give him as the son of Corun.

It is always safest to adopt the fuller descent, as grandchildren are not infrequently entered as ab the grandfather. This has certainly taken place in the Brychan family.

1 William of Malmesbury visited his shrine, and was in the act of cutting off one of the fingers when the saint suddenly withdrew his hand. It is said that the body on being removed some years after his death was found perfect and incorrupt. There is an illustration of the shrine in J. C. Wall, Shrines of the British Saints, p. 94, and also in P. A. Robson, S. David's, Bell's Series, p. 55. 2 Fenton, Pembrokeshire, 1811, pp. 144, 201.

3 A letter of Innocent III, dated May 8, 1200, is extant, enjoining inquiry into the virtues and miracles of Caradog. Haddan and Stubbs, Councils, etc., i, p. 412. 4 Y Cymmrodor, xix, p. 27; Cambro-British Saints, p. 275.

5 Cambro-British Saints, p. 265.

6 Y Cymmrodor, vii, p. 133.

7 Myv. Arch., p. 415, cf. p. 420.

8 Iolo MSS., pp. 110, 125. The name is mis-spelt here Corwn. It is from the Latin Coronus.

The authorities for the Life are:-(1) A Vita Sancti Carantoci in the Cotton MS. Vespasian, A. xiv, which has been very inaccurately printed by Rees in the Lives of the Cambro-British Saints, Llandovery, 1853, pp. 97-101. This Life is made up of two parts, (a) a Vita short and legendary, (B) the commencement of another. The first is a homily on the festival, and begins " Veneranda est hec solempnitas omnibus hominibus in Deo credentibus," and intimates that his pedigree could be traced back to Mary the Mother of our Lord. It contains some interesting particulars :-" In istis temporibus Scotti superauerunt Brittanniam; nomina ducum quorum Briscus. Thuibaius. Machleius. Anpacus. xxx. annis ante natiuitatem Sancti Dauid filii Sant; bene Carantocus susceptus est in Hibernia." 2

This Life concludes with: O vere vir beate, in quo dolus non fuit qui manet sine macula cum gaudio et gloria inter angelorum agmina in secula seculorum. Amen."

Then follows a fragment that begins: "Quodam tempore fuit vir, nomine Keredic, rex erat, et hic vir habuit multos filios." This gives the pedigree of Carannog up to Anna, who was the cousin of Mary the Virgin. Then comes an account of Cunedda and his sons, and of the subdivision of Wales among the sons. Then of a raid made by the "Scots" on Ceredigion, and the election of Carannog to head the people against them. This he refused to do, and ran away, having borrowed a staff and bag from a beggar and further disguised himself. To this follows his going to Guerit Carantauc, with nothing about his Irish expedition. And there the story breaks off abruptly.

John of Tynemouth worked up the same material for his Life, and put the fragment into its proper position, before the departure to Ireland, Cotton MS. Tiberius, E. i. This is printed in Capgrave's Nova Legenda Angliæ.

2. A second Vita is found in the Breviary of the Church of Léon, printed at Paris, 1516. Of this only two copies exist, one in the Bibliothèque Nationale at Paris; and the other till recently in the Library of the Frères Lamennais at Ploërmel. This has been reprinted by A. de la Borderie, Les deux Saints Caradec, Paris, 1883, and also in Y Cymmrodor, xv, pp. 97–9. It begins like the fragment

1 The pedigree, and the tract relating to Cunedda and his sons, are copied, with some modifications, from the pedigrees and tract found in the Old-Welsh genealogies in Harleian MS. 3859. See Y Cymmrodor, ix, pp. 170, 182-3. 2 The printed text is corrupt here. We give the correct reading of the MS. from Owen's Pembrokeshire, ii, p. 278. It is not the conquest of Britain by the Irish, as the printed text makes out, but the reception of Carannog in Ireland, which is thus dated thirty years before S. David's birth.

at the end of the Vita printed in the Cambro-British Saints, but with the change of the name from Carantocus to Caradocus. It omits the genealogy and the account of Cunedda and his sons. It then relates how that Ceredig was old and Caradocus was chosen to be King in his room, and how he ran away, borrowed a disguise from a beggar and went to Guerith Carantoc. Then-" post multos autem dies -a voice from heaven summoned him to go to Ireland.

This Life in the Léon Breviary is an early document, probably of the tenth century. It also is a mere fragment, and relates to the Acts of the Saint in Ireland, and says nothing further of his settlement at Guerith Carantoc, nothing of any visit to Armorica, and none of the extant fragmentary Lives relate his death.

Leland (Itin., viii, p. 69) gives a brief extract from the Life of S. Carantoc, "Carantacus, filius Roderici regis. Carantocus fuit in Hibernia 30 annis ante nativitatem S. Danielis." This is clearly a corrupted paraphrase of the passage in the Cambro-British Saints, Keredic being altered into Roderici and Dauidis into Danielis.

We will now take the legendary Life as pieced together from the material at our disposal.

Ceredig was King in Ceredigion, from which had been expelled the Gwyddyl who had occupied the seaboard of Wales. In the names of the Irish chiefs who had held rule over the British we may perhaps recognize three, Thuibaius may be Dathi, 405-428; Anpacus may be Amalgaidh, d. 449; and Machleius may be Lugaidh MacLeoghair, 503-8. Mr. Phillimore is disposed to identify Briscus with Aed Brosc, son of Corath, son of Eochaid Allmuir, and Anpacus with Anlach, father of Brychan.

Notwithstanding that Ceredig had established himself in Ceredigion, these latter made a descent on the coast, and attempted to recover their lost possessions. This may be the occasion when Ceredig, whom we equate with Coroticus, captured so many baptized Irish and held them in durance, calling forth the letter of S. Patrick in protest. This letter is supposed by Haddan and Stubbs to have been written and sent "shortly before 493 (?).” 1

As Ceredig was aged, and the incursions were frequent, the Bishop of the principality went to him, and said: “Thou art too old to fight, it is therefore well that one of thy sons should be appointed in thy room, and let that one be the eldest." To this he consented. Accordingly they appealed to Carannog to be their king and leader. he, loving the Kingdom of Heaven above all earthly things, changed

1 Councils and Eccl. Documents, ii, pt. ii, p. 314.

clothes with a beggar, took his staff and wallet, ran away and took refuge at a place called Guerit Carantauc.1

This place, as appears, was Carhampton in Somersetshire. Carannog resided some time here. On arriving, he borrowed a spade from a poor man, wherewith to dig the ground. And he whittled at intervals, when tired of digging, the staff he had brought with him.

Then he observed a wood pigeon fly out of the nearest grove, and carry off the shavings in its beak. He followed the bird, and found that it had dropped the chips in one particular spot. He determined on building a church there. And this was, as we are informed, the city of Carrov.2

When running away from home, he had thrown his portable altar into the Severn Sea. It had been washed up, and Arthur, who with Cado ruled in those parts at the time, got hold of it, and resolved on converting it to secular uses. However, there was a dragon in the neighbourhood that created great depredation, and this monster Carannog subdued, and in return for the favour Arthur surrendered to him the altar, but with some reluctance. Arthur held his Court at the time in Dindraithou. This is probably the Dun Tradui, the threefossed fortress erected by Crimthan Mór (366-378) to hold down the British, when he held dominion from Alba to the Ictian Sea (the English Channel).3 This is spoken of by Cormac in his Old Irish Glossary. Cormac was King-Bishop of Cashel, born 831, and killed in battle 903.

This Dun Tradui was apparently in Map Lethain, "in the lands of the Cornish Britons" (dind map Lethain í tírib Bretan Cornn).4

After having completed his church, placed in it his altar, and built the city called Carrov,5" in which innumerable persons were buried, whose names are not given," a voice came from heaven bidding him depart for Ireland, and assist S. Patrick in his missionary labours.

The Life, or Homily, in the Cambro-British Saints says that after having lived some time in a cave called Edilu, reading the canonical. 1 Cambro-British Saints, p. 101; Brev. Léon, in Y Cymmrodor, xv, p. 97.

2 Cambro-British Saints, p. 99; cf. K. Meyer's correction of errors, Y Cymmrodor, xiii, p. 84. But the correction is defective.

3 "Deinde S. Servanus venit ad Icteum mare, quod distat inter Angliam et Franciam." Vita S. Servani, Pinkerton's Lives of the Scottish Saints, ed. Metcalfe, ii, p. 123.

4 Three Irish Glossaries, by W. S. (Stokes), London, 1862, pp. xlviii-ix, 29. Mr. Egerton Phillimore, in a note in Y Cymmrodor, xi, p. 90, accepts Dinn Tradui (=the Welsh Dindraethwy) as in Cornwall. It is not, however, clear in the context that it was so. It is the Cair Draitou of the Nennian Catalogue of Cities (Ibid., ix, p. 183).

5 Cambro-British Saints, p. 100.

• Brev. Léon, in Y Cymmrodor, xv, p. 97.

VOL. II.