That Carannog was for a while in Ireland, though not at the time of Patrick, appears from his having been regarded as patron of Dulane in the county of Meath, where are the remains of his very rude and primitive church, composed of huge blocks of stone. There he seems to have left a colony of British monks. In one of the topographical poems of O'Dubhagain, written in the fourteenth century, there is an allusion to three septs that occupied the neighbourhood of Dulane; one of these was the sept of "the Britons of lasting fame.” Early these men quaff their metheglin, After having remained awhile at Llangranog, he again threw his portable altar into the sea, and returned to his old foundation of Carrov, near the mouth of the Guellit, at which last point the altar was washed up. The name of this stream, which enters the Bristol Channel a mile east of Watchet, is still preserved in that of Williton village and parish, close to its mouth, and in Willet Ford and Willet, close to its source.2 The mouth of the Willet brook is four miles east of Carhampton, and about six miles east of Marsh Farm, where the chapel of S. Carantock anciently stood, and which was there before the erection of the parish church. When Carannog came to Cornwall and founded there the important church that now bears his name, and which was formerly provided with canons, we do not know. But Carhampton would seem to have been his principal monastic settlement. Here he remained till a voice came from heaven calling him to depart to his rest. The Homily makes great confusion here. "A voice came to him from heaven, and bade him go into exile, and leave his family and he alone went to the island Hibernia, and was buried on the 17th Cal. June in his illustrious city, the best of all his cities, which is called the city of Chernach. And he departed in peace, and left his peace behind and found it." His city of Chernach is not Dulane but Carhampton in Somerset or Crantock in Cornwall, and his departure for Ireland took place at an earlier period. That he went at one time to Armorica can hardly be disputed in face of the distinct traces he has left there. But when he was there we do not know. Carhampton is a mile and a half from Dunster. 1 Irish Archæological and Celtic Soc., 1862, pp. 14-15. The church passed 2 See Birch, Cart. Sax., iii, p. 76, and Mr. Phillimore's identification in the note on Llangranog in Owen's Pembrokeshire, pt. iv. into the possession of Bath Abbey, where his festival was observed on May 16.1 The only hint we have as to the period when Carannog was in Brittany is found in the Life of S. Guenael. This latter had been in Britain, and returned to Armorica laden with books, and attended by forty disciples; when one of the first things he did on landing was to pay a visit to S. Carannog; and the date of the return of Guenael can be determined pretty nearly as occurring in 546. S. Carannog has an extended cult in Brittany. A parish in Finistère bears his name, Carantec. And his name recurs in Tregarantec (Tref-Carantoc) in Léon, of which his disciple Tenenan is patron. The Tréguier MS. Breviary of the fifteenth century gives him, as S. Caranaucus, on May 16. But he has been confounded with Caradec (Carthagh), patron of a church near Loudéac, and of S. Caradec Priziac and S. Careuc. Caradocus, in Irish Carthagh, is derived from the past participle, whereas Carantocus or Carannog is from the present participle. Carthagh, disciple of S. Ciaran, may have been in Brittany and have made a foundation there. The Léon Breviary of 1516 calls him Caradocus, but gives lections from the Life of Carantocus. The lections in this breviary make Caradocus the son of Ceredig, and the legend begins precisely like that portion of the Vita S. Carantoci tacked on at the end of the Life in the Cotton MS. Vesp. A. xiv. The commemoration of S. Caradoc is on May 16, the day of S. Carannog. We can hardly allow that the Caradec of Caradec Priziac and Caradec Loudéac and of S. Careuc, is Carantoc, but we may attribute to him the church of S. Carné, near Dinan. The day of S. Carannog in Wales is May 16 In the Calendar in Allwydd Paradwys (1670) and the Demetian Calendar it is given on May 15, and in that in Peniarth MS. 187 on May 17, but in his Life in Cotton MS. Vesp. A. xiv, in the Iolo MSS. Calendar, the Prymer of 1633, and a number of the Almanacks of the eighteenth century, as May 16. The fair at Llangranog was on the lastnamed day, Old Style, and still is on the 27th, New Style. As already said, it occurs on the same day in the Bath Calendar, also in the Exeter Legendarium, and in the Altemps Martyrology of the thirteenth century. Also in Capgrave's Nova Legenda Angliæ, and in Whytford. "In Yreland the feest of Saynt Carantoke yt. is also called Saynt Cernach, a kÿgs sone of Englonde applyed al unto vertue from youth, and whan his fader waxed aged he wolde have 1 Bath Calendar, circa 1383; Brit. Mus. Add. MS. 10,628. vocatur a Carantoco Britanno." Camden, Britannia, 1594, p. 156. Caranton. ... resygned his crowne unto hym as his heyre, he than stale away pryvely and changed clothynge with a poore beggar. And therein made his prayer unto our lorde to guyde and directe hym wheder he wolde, forthwt came an augell in lykeness of a dove and ledde hym unto a solytary place where he lyved in grete holynes, after the same aūgell in ye same lykenes brought hym in to yrelond to visyte saynt Patryke, and from thens unto many places where ever he did grete myracles, and moche edifyed the fayth wherin he dyed full blessedly." On May 16, in the Félire of Oengus he is entered as "Cairnech the mighty"; and a gloss adds "Cairnech of Tulén near Kells, and of the Britons of Cornwall was he." On the same day, in the Martyrologies of Tallagh, O'Gorman and Donegal; also in the Drummond Calendar. Under the name of S. Carnac, Cairnech had a chapel in Scotland, in the Haugh of Laithers, in the parish of Turriff, but this certainly pertains to a namesake and not to this Cairnech. He is, as already stated, in the fifteenth century Missal of Tréguier, on May 16, as Caranauc, but as Caradoc in the Vannes Missal of 1530, the Vannes Breviary of 1586, the Léon Breviary of 1516, and the Léon Missal of 1526. The village feast at Crantock in Cornwall is on May 16. His Holy Well there is in the midst of the village. The church has been lately (1902) restored, and his legend has been represented in the nave. windows and in the carving of the stalls.. According to the Vita in Rees, Ceredigion (now Cardiganshire) was Carannog's" sua propria regio." Ogof Granog, his cave, at Llangranog, to which he returned from Ireland, is in the rock above the church, about 200 yards from the village;1 and above the little harbour or creek below the village there is a rock, resembling a large chair, which is called Eisteddfa Granog. At Llangranog is also a Holy Well, Ffynnon Fair, later placed under the invocation of Our Lady, but almost certainly earlier named after S. Carannog, as close by it is Lletty Carannog, S. Carannog's lodging. This is an ancient cottage, the property of the Vicar for the time being, and was at one time the Vicarage. There was formerly a Capel Cranog in the parish of S. Dogmael's, Pembrokeshire, which is described as a pilgrimage chapel. On the borders of the same county, at Egremont, a stone was discovered a few years ago with the name Carantacus on it.3 In art Carannog should be represented with a wood pigeon carrying a shaving at his side. 1 It is traditionally believed to be a cave of about three miles long, its other end appearing as a cave at Cwm Tydi to the north. 2 Owen, Pembrokeshire, i, p. 509. 3 Arch. Camb., 1889, pp. 306, 311. In Brittany his statues show him with a child beside him, intended for his disciple Tenenan. His death took place probably about the middle of the sixth century. Carannog must be clearly distinguished from another Saint also known as Cairnech, in Ireland, but who was one of a less amiable and pious character. See under S. CAIRNECH. Carannog is invoked in the tenth century Litany published by Mabillon as Carnache.1 S. Carannog. S. Tyssul. S. Pedyr. S. Tydiwg. S. Ceneu and others. S. CARANTOC, see S. CARANNOG. S. CARON, see S. CIARAN. SS. CARWED and CARWYD. WE Couple these two names together because they have been supposed to represent one person. They are, however, quite distinct. Carwyd's claim to sainthood rests on one document only, which is printed in the Iolo MSS.,2 and had been transcribed, and possibly compiled, in 1670. There Carwyd is said to have been son of Pabo Post Prydyn, and brother of SS. Dunawd and Sawyl Benuchel (or rather Benisel). They were saints or monks of Bangor on Dee. His name is not given as a son of Pabo in the Old-Welsh genealogies. in Harleian MS. 3859, but a Kerwyd, which would be Cerwydd to-day, occurs in Bonedd Gwyr y Gogledd in Peniarth MS. 45 (late thirteenth 1 Revue Celtique, xi, p. 140. 2 P. 105. century).1 be equated. We have here again two forms which cannot philologically There was a hermit, named Carwed, as we learn from two late sixteenth century MSS.,2 who lived in the time of Gwaithfoed, Brochwel Ysgythrog, and Ethelbert, King of Kent (died 616). Gwaithfoed, with a band of Welshmen, had gone on a plundering expedition into Gwent, and on his way home "he encountered and killed thirteen highwaymen at Carneddau, near Bwlch y Clawdd Du; also Garwed (or Carwed), a murderous hermit, and the hermit's wife (who had assumed the guise of a nun '), as well as a pack of wolves on his way to Strata Florida." In the tradition found at Strata Florida by Dr. John David Rhys, Carwed is called Garwed, and appears as a cawr, or giant.3 Carwed was formerly a fairly common man's name. It occurs in Carwed Fynydd, the name of a township of the parish of Llannefydd, Denbighshire, as the father of Bach, and in the "Tuderius ap Karwet," mentioned in a Charter (12 Edward I) printed in Dugdale.4 S. CASWALLON LAWHIR, see S. CADWALLON LAWHIR S. CATHAN, or CATHEN, Confessor THIS Saint was a son of Cawrdaf ab Caradog Freichfras, and brother of S. Medrod. His mother is said to have been Peryfferen, daughter of Lleuddun Luyddog, of Dinas Eiddyn (Edinburgh). By her is meant Beren or Perfferen the mother of S. Beuno by Bugi. But this must be a mistake. Cathen is the patron of Llangathen, in Carmarthenshire; and the commote of Catheiniog (in Cantref Mawr), anciently Cetheinauc and Cethinauc, in which the parish lies, may or may not have been called after him. There is a brook there also called Cathan. But the names might quite as probably be derived from Cathen, son of Cloten, a descendant of Aircol, son of Triphun, and King of Dyfed, mentioned 1 Skene, Four Ancient Books, ii, p. 455. 2 J. Gwenogvryn Evans, Report on Welsh MSS., ii, p. 350; i, p. 878. 3 Ibid., i, p. 724; cf. the Garwedd, a tributary of the Neath. 4 Monasticon, 1825, v, p. 674. 5 Iolo MSS., pp. 107, 123; Myv. Arch., p. 420. |