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in the Old-Welsh (tenth century) genealogies in Harleian MS. 3859, wherein we have also a Caten, son of Caurtam,1 which looks very like the original of the late pedigree given above. In the place-names of Deheubarth we have the Cathan, near Pant-y-ffynnon Station, Cwm Cathan, N.W. of Pencader Junction, and Cwm Cathen, near Trimsaran, Pembrey. Gwaen and Gwerglodd Gathan are mentioned in the Survey of the Lordship of Ruthin (1737).

Cathen's festival does not occur in any early Welsh calendar, but Rees gives it as May 17, on which day Catan or Cathan, a bishop in Bute during the sixth or seventh century, who had his cell at Kilcathan or Kilchattan, is also commemorated in the Scottish calendars. There was an Irish saint of the name, commemorated on February 1, and the two are generally confounded, but the pedigree of neither agrees with that of the Welsh saint.

In a Welsh ode the protection of Cathen is invoked for Henry VII.3

S. CATHMAIL, or CATWG, see S. CADOC.

S. CAW, King, Confessor.

CAW was the son of Geraint ab Erbin, prince of Devon and Cornwall. He is variously called Caw of Prydyn, that is Pictland, Lord of Cwm Cawlwyd in Prydyn, and Caw of Twr Celyn in Anglesey.

There is a singular legend in the Life of S. Cadoc. One day whilst Cadoc was digging about his monastery in Scotland (Cambuslang, of which the church is dedicated to S. Cadoc) he "hit upon a collar bone of some ancient hero, of incredible size." It turned out to be Caw's, who made his appearance to Cadoc and his men as “an immense giant," and, throwing himself at the saint's feet, earnestly besought him that he would not "permit his miserable soul, hitherto suffering dreadful punishment in hell, to go there again." In reply to Cadoc's demands who he was and what his history, he said that he was called Cau," with the surname Pritdin (Prydyn) or Caur (giant),"

1 Y Cymmrodor, ix, pp. 171, 175; Owen's Pembrokeshire, ii. pp. 224, 407. 2 Welsh Saints, p. 280. 3 Iolo MSS., p. 314.

His name occurs as Caw Cawllog or Cowllog in Iolo MSS., p. 142, and Myv. Arch., p. 421. There is a Cwm Cowlwyd or Cowlyd, well known for its lake, near Capel Curig. The Owl of Cwm Cawlwyd, one of the ancient creatures in the Tale of Culhwch and Olwen, belonged to it. Cwm Cawlyd is also the name of a hamlet in the parish of Llandeilo Fawr.

that he had been a king "beyond the mountain Bannauc," and that he and his robber-band were killed at this spot whilst on a plundering expedition. Since then they had been " tormented in the devouring flames of hell." Cadoc promised him his request, as well as longer life in this world, on his "performing due satisfaction for his sins"; and he there and then set to to help the saint's diggers.1 The resuscitation of a dead giant occurs in other legends, as in that of S. Patrick and that of S. Brendan.

The "mountain Bannawg" is believed by Skene to be the range called the Cathkin hills, in the parish of Carmunnock, which terminates in Renfrewshire, and the modern county of Renfrew was probably the seat of Caw. In the Life of Gildas by the Monk of Ruys Gildas is said to have been the son of Caunus, "a most noble and Catholic man," who bore rule in Arecluda, that is, a district on the Clyde, to which description that county answers. The Life by Caradog of Llancarfan calls him Nau, no doubt a clerical error for Cau, and describes him as "King of Scotia, and the noblest of the Kings of the North."

4

There are several lists of Caw's children, which differ considerably in the number assigned to him. The Monk of Ruys says that he was the father of, besides Gildas, Cuillus (who succeeded his father to the throne), Mailocus, Egreas (Eugrad), Alleccus (Gallgo), and a daughter Peteona (Peithien). According to Caradog of Llancarfan he was the father of twenty-four sons, "victorious warriors," but he does not give their names, beyond saying that his eldest son was Hueil, to be identified with the Monk of Ruys' Cuillus.

There is a list of twenty-one children given in the Mabinogion tale of Culhwch and Olwen, nearly all of whom occur among Arthur's warriors. They are Angawd, Ardwyat, Kalcas, Kelin, Koch, Konnyn, Kynwas, Dirmyc, Ergyryat, Etmic, Gildas, Gwennabwy (daughter), Gwarthegyt, Gwyngat, Hueil, Iustic, Llwybyr, Mabsant, Meilic, Neb, and Ouan, some of which names are obviously the mere outcome of the fun and fancy of the story-teller. The only ones that are mentioned in any of the other Mabinogion tales are Gildas and Gwarthegyt.

1 Cambro-British Saints, pp. 56-8.

2 Skene, Four Ancient Books of Wales, i, pp. 173-4; Forbes, Kalendars of Scottish Saints, p. 293; Y Cymmrodor, xi, pp. 75, 81. The Bannawg is mentioned also in Gorchan Maelderw (Skene, ibid., ii, p. 101).

3 Ed. Hugh Williams, p. 322. We should probably read the name here as Caunus, that is, Caw. It occurs in the Cavo of the Llanfor stone (Merionethshire). His name appears also, through some confusion, as Cado (Mabinogion, Oxford ed., p. 123, Jesus Coll. MS. 20), and Cadw (Myv. Arch., p. 416; Cambro-British Saints, p. 268).

4 Ed. Hugh Williams, p. 394.

In the Iolo MSS.1 are printed eight lists of his children, which vary from ten to twenty-one in the number given. The following is an alphabetical list of the sons-Afarwy, Afrogwy (probably the same as Afarwy), Aidan y Coed Aur or Aeddan, Aneuryn (Auryn, Euryn) y Coed Aur (the same as Gildas), Annef or Ane, Bangawr (once; possibly the Angawd of Culhwch and the Angar of Iolo MSS., p. 256), Blenwyd, Caffo, Caian, Ceidio, Celyn Moel (once; the Kelin of Culhwch), Cennydd (a son of Gildas, possibly the Konnyn of Culhwch), Cewydd, Cilydd, Cof or Coff, Cyhelyn Fardd or Foel (possibly the same as Celyn Moel), Cynddilig (a son of Nwython), Cyngan Foel (once; possibly Cyngar), Cyngar, Cynwrig, Dirinic (the Dirmyc of Culhwch), Eigrawn, Eugrad, Gallgo, Garhai or Garrai (more correctly Gwrhai or Gwrai), Gildas y Coed Aur (the same as Aneuryn), Gwrddelw, Gwrddyly, Gwrthili or Gwrddwdw (no doubt four forms of the same name, Gwrddilig), Gwydion (once), Huail, Idwal (once), Maelog (once Maelon), Peirio, Samson, and Ustig (the Iustic of Culhwch). The daughters were Cain, Caen, Canna or Cannau (apparently all representing one name, but the first two also entered as sons), Cywyllog or Cywellog, Gwenabwy or Gwenafwy, and Peithien, Peithini or Peillan.,

Late Welsh tradition affirms that Caw was dispossessed of his territory in the North by the Gwyddyl Ffichti or Pictish Goidels, and that he and his family found asylum in Wales. Maelgwn Gwynedd gave him the lands of Twr Celyn in North-east Anglesey, probably commensurate with the present-day rural deanery of the name. We are

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told that his mother hailed from that place, and that he had claim and right to land there." 2 Who his mother was the genealogies do not tell us. Some of his children remained in North Wales and became "saints" in the so-called "Bangors" there, whilst others were granted lands, we are told, by King Arthur in South Wales, and became also. "saints" in the "Bangors" of Catwg, Illtyd, and Teilo. Caw himself and his brothers Cado, Cyngar, Selyf, and Iestyn are said to have been "saints" of Catwg's "Bangor" at Llancarfan.3 He is also credited 1 with having founded the church of Llangewydd (S. Cewydd, his son), since removed to Laleston (now S. David), in Glamorganshire.

Caw is best known as the ancestor of one of the Three Saintly Tribes, but his title to saintship rests on quite late documents. In the well known Triad of the "Three Families (or Stocks) of the Saints of Britain," as given in the late and made-up "Third Series of Triads," his family has been deliberately replaced by that of the mythical 2 Iolo MSS., p. 147.

1 Pp. 109, 116–7, 136–7, 142-3.

3 Ibid., p. 116; Myv. Arch., pp. 421, 423.

5 Myv. Arch., p. 402.

Iolo MSS., p. 220.

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Brân Fendigaid, by those Glamorgan antiquaries interested in bol

stering up the Lucius fiction.

Among the "Sayings of the Wise" occurs the following:-1

Hast thou heard the saying of Caw?
"Though it is easy to un-freeze frost,
It is not easy to un-sort sort."
(Cyt bai hawdd datrewi rhew,
Bydd anhawdd datrywiaw rhyw.)

S. CAWRDAF, King, Confessor

CAWRDAF was the son of Caradog Freichfras-the Carados Brebras of romance-by the beautiful Tegau Eurfron, daughter of Nudd Hael. He was brother of SS. Cadfarch, Maethlu, and Tangwn, and father of SS. Cathan and Medrod. For some time he was a at Llantwit.2

66 'saint "

We are told that "the Côr of Cawrdaf in Glamorgan was for 300 saints," and that "Einion ab Collwyn founded Llantrisant after Llangawrdaf was burnt." 3 The ruins of this religious house are to be seen about a mile and a half south of Llantrisant, on a pretty situation above Miskin Manor. It is also called Gelli Gawrdaf (his Grove).

He is now generally, and has been for some time, accounted the patron of Abererch, in Carnarvonshire, as also sometimes of Llangoed in Anglesey, either solely or conjointly with his brother Tangwn.1 In the older saintly genealogies, however, he is never associated with either, nor even included as a saint. There is a Ffynnon Gawrdaf at Abererch, and on a small eminence about a quarter of a mile from the church, is a large boulder stone, with a flat piece cut out of it, called Cadair Gawrdaf, his chair or seat. Angharad Llwyd, in her History of Anglesey, says that Llangoed is dedicated to "S. Cowrda, one of the ancient Colidei, who was buried here." At Bron Llangowrda in Cardiganshire are the remains of a chapel. Gallt Cawrdaf

1 Iolo MSS., p. 254.

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2 Ibid., pp. 102, 123. Cawrdaf was anciently written Caurtam (Y Cymmrodor, ix, pp. 175, 180).

3 Ibid., pp. 151, 221. These late documents must be taken at their value.

4 In Browne Willis, Survey of Bangor, pp. 275, 282, both are given as dedicated to Cawrdaf.

5 P. 284.

• Lewis Morris, Celtic Remains, p. 103.

(his wood) is mentioned as being in Gwent,' but by it is no doubt intended Gelli Gawrdaf. Leland (Itin., iv, fo. 60) calls it Galthe Caurde.

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His name not infrequently occurs as Cowrda, but it is very doubtful whether Cwrda and Gwrdą are corruptions of Cawrdaf, especially the latter. The church of Jordanston, Pembrokeshire, is usually given as dedicated to a S. Cwrda, evolved, as it would appear, from Tre Iwrdan, the Welsh form of the parish-name. Llanwrda in Carmarthenshire is sometimes ascribed to S. Cawrdaf, but the form postulates Gwrda, probably for Gwrdaf. The Llanwrda wakes were November 12 (All Saints' Day, O.S.),2 on the first Monday after which, until recently, a fair was held.

The Festival of S. Cawrdaf occurs on December 5 in the Calendars in Peniarth MSS. 172, 186 and 187, Llanstephan MS. 117, the Iolo MSS. (where he is styled Bishop), the Welsh Prymers of 1618 and 1633, Allwydd Paradwys, 1670 (where he is called Gwrda), and in a number of eighteenth century Welsh Almanacks. In the Calendars in Additional MS. 14,882, and Peniarth MS. 219, Cowrda stands against February 21.

The following extract, referring to Abererch, occurs in the Archæologia Cambrensis for 1856:3 "A curious custom prevailed in this 2 Rees, Welsh Saints, p. 270. 3 Pp. 305-6.

1 Iolo MSS., p. 102.

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