1897 Part 2 With this volume XII. the publication of the Proceedings in special volumes will for the present be discontinued, the monthly journal, "The Forester," taking the place of the Proceedings. The series of volumes published is as follows: Those marked * are out of print;_the remainder is for sale at prices set opposite on application to the Forestry Div., U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, which has undertaken to act as distributing agency for these publications; discounts to Libraries and Public Institutions. *Vol. I.-Proceedings of the special meeting at Montreal, August, 1882. Papers read before the meeting printed separately by the Canadian Government in the Ontario Fruit Growers' Report. (The proceedings of the first annual meeting, held in Cincinnati, April 25-29, 1882, were not published in pamphlet form.) *Vol. II.-Proceedings of the second annual meeting, at St. Paul, August, 1883. Also, Forestry Bulletins No. 1 (May, 1884); No. 2 (September, 1884); No. 3 (January, 1885). *Vol. III.—Proceedings of the special meeting at Washington, D. C., May, 1884, and third annual meeting, at Saratoga, New York, September, 1884. *Vol. IV.—Proceedings of the fourth annual meeting, held in Boston, September, 1885. *Vol. V.-Proceedings of the fifth annual meeting, held at Denver, Colorado, September, 1886. (Newspaper report.) *Vol. VI.-Proceedings of the sixth annual meeting, held in Springfield, Illinois, September, 1887. Vol. VII.-Proceedings of the seventh annual meeting, held at Atlanta, Ga., December, 1888, and of the eighth annual meeting, held at Philadelphia, Pa., October, 1889. (About 70 copies on hand.) Vol. VIII.-Proceedings of the summer meeting, held in Quebec, September, 1890, and of the ninth annual meeting, held in Washington, D. C., December, 1890. (About 400 copies on hand.) 50 cents. *Vol. IX.-Papers read at joint session of the American Economic Association and the American Forestry Association, held at Washington, D. C., December, 1890. Vol. X.-Proceedings at the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth annual meetings, held in 1891, 1892 and 1893, and of the special meeting at the World's Fair Congress in Chicago in 1893. (Published in four parts. Of these there are on hand, Part 1, 400 copies; Part 2, 1,700 copies; Part 3, 1,400 copies; Part 4, 1,300 copies.) 75 cents, or 25 cents a part. Vol. XI.-Proceedings at the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Annual Meetings, December, 1894, and January, 1896, at Washington, and at the summer meetings at Brooklyn, N. Y., and Springfield, Mass. Published in three parts. Of these there are on hand: Part I, 1,100 copies; Part 2, 1,400 copies; and Part 3, 1,800 copies.) 75 cents, or 25 cents a part. Vol. XII.-Proceedings at the Fifteenth and Annual Meeting, February, 1897, and summer meetings at Asheville, N. C., and Nashville, Tenn. (Published in two parts.) 50 cents each.part. OVHU 71 ว UNIV. OF THE FORESTS AND DESERTS OF ARIZONA. [An Illustrated Lecture Delivered Before a Joint Meeting of the American Forestry Association and the National Geographic Society at Washington, D. C., February 5, 1897.] By B. E. FERNOW, L.L.D. The horizon of the majority, even of those who have made hasty overland trips, rarely reaches beyond the few hundred square miles of their personal observation, and as to the possibilities of the future-even those who have studied our past development fail to realize them. Our imagination-save in the professional boomer-lags behind reasonable expectation. When I told my friends that a happy accident-the invitation of a generous and public-spirited friend-would take me for the summer months to and through Arizona, two expressions were most frequent: one of commiseration at my prospects of summer temperatures, the other somewhat astonished inquiry as to what a forester could find of interest in that country of cactus and desert. That a large part of the territory of Arizona can boast of an ideal summer climate, unequaled for camping, was a revelation to them; and that some of the most interesting mountain forests, botanically speaking, are to be found there, and the most lovely and most extensive, as well as most economically important pineries that exist between the great forests of the Pacific Coast and the western border of the Atlantic forest in Texas and Arkansas, a thousand miles away in either direction-this seemed to them almost incredible. Why should this particular forest area become a subject of investigation? Here is a territory still undeveloped, still undespoiled, for the larger part; a territory needing for its best future development not only the material which these forest areas can furnish forever, but dependent on irrigation for its agricultural future, and thus requiring that protection of its water sources which a forest cover is supposed to afford. Would it not be wisdom to study the relation of this resource to the whole development of the country, and to study the conditions, under which this resource could be rationally managed, so as to avoid M123431 3 as far as practicable the devastation that has characterized our occupation of other sections, and thus pave the way for a rational use of this important yet limited resource? To be sure, this is hardly the way we are wont to do, for with regard to our resources, especially our forests, we take a position somewhat similar to that of the gentleman from Arkansas: "When it was raining he could not mend his roof, and when it was not he did not need a roof anyway." And why should a forester undertake such an examination? Because he is or ought to be specially fitted for it by his studies; because finally his business has the closest relation direct and indirect to the economic development of all other interests, because he must be a practical economist. For a forester is not, as the American public is prone to believe, one who studies or knows or even who plants trees, nor even he who has the technical knowledge to produce and manage forest crops (a sylviculturist), but he must combine with that technical knowledge, a knowledge of the proper relation of his art to all other economic interests, he must be a student of economic conditions generally, a promoter of the rational use of natural and national resources. So much it seemed needful to say in explanation of the propriety of bringing before a forestry association an account of things which may appear at first of distant interest to its purposes, however much interest they may have to members of a geographical society. Arizona, the unknown and maligned; the land of thorns and spines; the province of apparently hopeless deserts, and yet of rich promise; the land of dreary wastes, and yet of infinite variety and contrasts; the territory most picturesque and full of interest to the geologist and botanist and ethnologist, even to the mere sight-seer, and yet the least visited; the earliest discovered of the western territories, and yet the last to pass from the redman's dominion, and the least developed; the land of a high prehistoric civilization, of cave dwellers and cliff dwellers, and of the peaceful agricultural Hopi and Pima, and yet-until a decade ago terrorized by the most warlike of the Indians, the Apache Arizona is one of the most interesting of all our provinces. It is curious that the health-inspiring, rejuvenating quality of Arizona's dry air did not impress itself upon the Spanish seekers of the Fount of Eternal Youth, one of whom was destined, while balked in his search for the latter, to first set foot on this part of the continent. Alva Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, with two Spaniards and one Indian Negro as companions, all four fugitives by land from slavery among the Seminole Indians in Florida, and finding their way across the continent, were the first to see the "Seven Cities of Cibola," the Hopi villages; were the first to pass under the shadows of San Francisco Mountains and to share the hospitalities of the Pima Indians, just 360 years ago. Three years later (in 1540) an exploring expedition under Vasquez de Coronado visited the same country, and it was then that one of his lieutenants, Don Garcia Lopez de Cardenas, gazed-the first white man-on the wonders of the Grand Cañon of the Colorado. Forty years later another of the conquistadores, Antonio de Espejo, ventured forth, and claimed and named the country, for Spain, Neuvo Mexico, under which name it came to the United States; the portion north of Gila river by the treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo in 1847, the portion south of the Gila by the treaty and purchase negotiated by the then Minister to Mexico, James Gadsden, in 1854, for the purpose of obtaining a suitable route for a Southern Pacific railroad; the price paid for the latter portion being $10,000,000, and the guaranty that we would protect the Mexican frontier against the raids of the Apaches. In 1863 the Territory of Arizona was segregated from New Mexico, the name probably being a modification of Arizonac, a Papago Indian name of uncertain meaning, which had been applied to a native village and was extended to the lower portion of what is now our southwestern province by the Spaniards. Spanish development was confined entirely to the lower portions, and consisted mainly in the establishment of missions to convert the agricultural Indians, and in the location of presidios at Tucson and Tubac to protect the missions and the few haciendas and silver mines then worked; the hostile Apache constantly harassing their Indian and Spanish neighbors alike, and withstanding the progress of civilization. The expeditions of the War Department under Sitgreaves, Williamson, Whipple, Parke, Gray, Beale, and Ives, during the |