to the court in rendering its decree. The decree is to be rendered upon considerations entirely apart from the validity of these particular creditors' claims. The non-resident creditors might, to be sure, if they appeared, suggest to the court that the debtor ought not to have a discharge, because he has concealed a part of his assets or been guilty of some other fraud; but this would be a suggestion based on grounds of public policy, and the court in making its decree may rely upon the assignee and the creditors who have appeared to make this suggestion, if it ought to be made. In any aspect of the case, then, there is a wide difference between insolvency proceedings looking to a discharge, and a personal action to enforce an individual right. The one is a proceeding in rem or quasi in rem, and the other is in personam.

Fourth Objection. The doctrine now accepted by the courts in very many instances works great hardship, and has the effect of entirely defeating the purpose for which the insolvent law was passed. The creditors who form a part of the community in which the debtor resides, while they are forced to accept a dividend in full satisfaction of their claims, nevertheless are deprived of the ope of any future benefit which might result from the debtor's eing given a chance to start again. The debtor, instead of being able to work with some hope of success for the benefit of those around him, is put in bondage to his unfriendly non-resident creditors. He must work out his debts to them before he can begin to have any benefit from his discharge. In very many cases this means that a debtor will never have a chance of starting again, and must continue in the state of despondency from which the insolvency law intended to relieve him.

Hollis R. Bailey.

LIST OF CASES.

UNITED STATES SUPREME Court.

Sturges v. Crowninshield, 4 Wheaton, 122 (1819); McMillan v. McNeill, 4 Wheaton, 209 (1819); Farmers, etc., Bank v. Smith, 6 Wheaton, 131 (1821); Ogden v. Saunders, 12 Wheaton, 213 (1827); Boyle v. Zacharie, 6 Peters, 348, 635 (1832); Andrews v. Pond, 13 Peters, 65 (1839); Suydam v. Broadnax, 14 Peters, 75 (1840); Cook v. Moffat, 5 Howard, 310 (1847); Baldwin v. Hale, 1 Wall. 223 (1863); Baldwin v. Bank of Newbury, 1 Wall. 234 (1863); Gilman v. Lockwood, 4 Wall. 409 (1866); Van Hoffman v. City of Quincy, 4 Wall. 550, 551 (1866); Hepburn v. Griswold, 8 Wall. 637 (1869); State Tax on Foreign Held

Bonds, 15 Wall. 300 (1872); Walker v. Whitehead, 16 Wall. 314 (1872); Edwards v. Kearzey, 96 U. S. 601 (1877); Denny v. Bennett, 128 U. S. 495 (1888); Cole v. Cunningham, 133 U. S. 107 (1890); Geilinger v. Philippi, 133 U. S. 246 (1890); Brown v. Smart, 145 U. S. 454 (1892); Butler v. Goreley, 148 U. S. 303 (1892).

UNITED STATES CIRCUIT COURTS.

Green v. Sarmiento, 3 Wash. C. C. 17 (1811) (Penn.); Golden v. Prince, 3 Wash. C. C. 313 (1814) (Penn.); Babcock v. Weston, 1 Gall. 168 (1812) (R. I.); Reimsdyk v. Kane, 1 Gall. 371 (1812) (R. I.); Adams v. Storey, 1 Paine's Rep. 79 (1817) (N. Y.); Le Roy et al. v. Crowninshield, 2 Mason, 151 (1820) (Mass.); Lonsdale v. Brown, 4 Wash. C. C. 155 (1821) (Penn.); Woodhull et al. v. Wagner, Bald. 296 (1831) (Penn.); Springer v. Foster, 2 Story, 383 (1843) (Mass.); Towne v. Smith, 1 Wood. & Min. 115 (1845) (Mass.); Perry Mfg. Co. v. Brown, 2 Wood. & Min. 450 (1846) (Mass.); Byrd v. Badger, 1 McAllister, 263 (1858) (Cal.); Davidson v. Smith, 1 Biss. 346 (1860) (Wis.); Von Glahn v. Varrene, 1 Dill. 515 (1871) (Minn.); Letchford v. Convillen, 20 Fed. Rep. 608 (1884) (La.); Newton v. Hageman, 22 Fed. Rep. 525 (1884) (Nev.); Satterthwaite v. Abercrombie, 24 Fed. Rep. 543 (1885) (N. Y.).

MAINE.

Judd v. Porter, 7 Me. 337 (1831); Stone v. Tibbets, 26 Me. 110 (1846); Very v. McHenry, 29 Me. 206 (1848); Palmer v. Goodwin, 32 Me. 535 (1851); Bancher v. Fisk, 33 Me. 316 (1851); Long v. Hammond, 40 Me. 204 (1855); Mansfield v. Andrews, 41 Me. 591 (1856); Felch v. Bugbee, 48 Me. 9 (1859); Chase v. Flagg, 48 Me. 182 (1859); Hills v. Carlton, 74 Me. 156 (1882); Pullen v. Hillman, 84 Me. 129 (1891).

NEW HAMPSHIRE.

Hall v. Boardman, 14 N. H. 38 (1843); Stevens v. Norris, 30 N. H. 466 (1855); Whitney v. Whiting, 33 N. H. 457 (1857); Brown v. Collins, 41 N. H. 405 (1860); New Market Bank v. Butler, 45 N. H. 236 (1864); Bell v. Lamprey, 57 N. H. 168 (1876); Norris v. Atkinson, 64 N. H. 86 (1886); Stirn v. McQuade, 22 Atl. Rep. 451 (1890).

VERMONT.

Perdy v. Walker, Brayton, 37 (1816); Herring v. Selding, 2 Aiken, 12 (1826); Harrison v. Edwards, 12 Vt. 652 (1840); Blackman v. Green et al., 24 Vt. 17 (1851); Peck v. Hibbard, 26 Vt. 698 (1854); Hall v. Winchell, 38 Vt. 588 (1866); Bedell et al. v. Scruton, 54 Vt. 493 (1882); McDougall v. Page, 55 Vt. 187 (1882); Roberts v. Atherton, 60 Vt. 563 (1888).

MASSACHUSETTS.

Proctor v. Moore, 1 Mass. 199 (1804); Baker v. Wheaton, 5 Mass. 511 (1809); Watson v. Bourne, 10 Mass. 337 (1813); Blanchard v. Russell, 13 Mass. I (1816); Bradford v. Farrand, 13 Mass. 18 (1816); Walsh v. Farrand, 13 Mass. 19 (1816); Prentiss v. Savage, 13 Mass. 20 (1816); Tappan v. Poor, 15 Mass. 419 (1819); Hall v. Williams, 6 Pick. 243 (1828); Kimberly v. Ely, 6 Pick. 440 (1828); Braynard v. Marshall, 8 Pick. 194 (1829); Boston Type, etc., Co. v. Wallack, 8 Pick. 186 (1829); Betts v. Bagley, 12 Pick. 579 (1832); Agnew v. Platt, 15 Pick. 417 (1834); Coffin v. Coffin, 16 Pick. 323 (1835); Wilmarth v. Burt, 7 Met. 261 (1843); Savoye v. Marsh, 10 Met. 594 (1845); Fiske v. Foster, 10 Met. 597 (1846); Woodbridge v. Allen, 12 Met. 470 (1847); Converse v. Bradley, 1 Cush. 434 (1848); Brigham v. Henderson, I Cush. 430 (1848); May v. Breed, 7 Cush. 15 (1851); Ilsley v. Merriam, 7 Cush. 242 (1851); Clark v. Hatch, 7 Cush. 455 (1851); Beal v. Burchstead, 10 Cush. 523 (1852); Scribner v. Fisher, 2 Gray, 43 (1854); Marsh v. Putnam, 3 Gray, 551 (1854); Dinsmore v. Bradley, 5 Gray, 487 (1855); Burrall v. Rice, 5 Gray, 539 (1855); Fessenden v. Willey, 2 Allen, 67 (1861); Kelley v. Drury, 9 Allen, 27 (1864); Choteau v. Richardson, 12 Allen, 365 (1866); Stoddard v. Harrington, 100 Mass. 87 (1868); Brown v. Bridge, 106 Mass. 565 (1871); Guernsey v. Wood, 130 Mass. 503 (1881); Murphy v. Manning, 134 Mass. 488 (1883); Maxwell v. Cochran, 136 Mass. 73 (1883); Eustis v. Bolles, 146 Mass. 413 (1888); Phenix Nat. Bank v. Batcheller, 151 Mass. 589 (1890); Regina Flour Mill Co. v. Holmes, 156 Mass. 11 (1892).

RHODE ISLAND.

Pattison v. Wilbur, 10 R. I. 448 (1873).

CONNECTICUT.

Pettit v. Seaman, 2 Root, 178 (1795); Smith v. Mead, 3 Conn. 253 (1820); Hammet v. Anderson, 3 Conn. 304 (1820); Medbury v. Hopkins, 3 Conn. 472 (1820); Woodbridge v. Wright, 3 Conn. 523 (1821); Atwater's Adm'r v. Townsend, 4 Conn. 47 (1821); Smith v. Healy, 4 Conn. 49 (1821); Boardman v. DeForest, 5 Conn. 12 (1823); Hempstead v. Reed, 6 Conn. 480 (1827); Norton v. Cook, 9 Conn. 314 (1832); Anderson v. Wheeler, 25 Conn. 603 (1857); Easterly v. Goodwin, 35 Conn. 279 (1868).

NEW YORK.

Van Raugh v. Arsdaln, 3 Caines, 154 (1805); Smith v. Smith, 2 Johns. 235 (1807); Penniman v. Meigs, 9 Johns. 325 (1812); Hicks v. Brown, 12 Johns. 142 (1815); M'Menomy v. Murray, 3 Johns. Ch. 435

(1818); Mather v. Bush, 16 Johns. 233 (1819); Roosevelt v. Cebra, 17 Johns. 108 (1819); Post v. Riley, 18 Johns. 54 (1820); Matter of Wendell, 19 Johns. 153 (1821); Murray v. DeRottenham, 6 Johns. Ch. 52 (1822); Hicks v. Hotchkiss, 7 Johns. Ch. 297 (1823); Sherill v. Hopkins, Cowen, 103 (1823); Wyman v. Mitchell, 1 Cowen, 316 (1823); Raymond v. Merchant, 3 Cowen, 147 (1824); M'Neilly v. Richardson, 4 Cowen, 607 (1825); Jacques v. Marquand, 6 Cowen, 497 (1826); Sebring v. Mersereau, 9 Cowen, 344 (1827); Parkinson v. Scoville, 19 Wend. 150 (1838); Van Hook v. Whitlock, 26 Wend. 43 (1841); Hoyt v. Thompson, 5 N. Y. 320 (1851); Gardner v. Oliver Lee's Bank, 11 Barb, 558 (1852); Donnelly z. Corbett, 7 N. Y. 500 (1852); Olyphant v. Atwood, 4 Bosw. 459 (1859); Lester v. Christalar, 1 Daly, 29 (1860); Soule v. Chase, 39 N. Y. 342 (1868); Pratt v. Chase, 44 N. Y. 597 (1871); Phelps v. Borland, 103 N. Y. 406 (1886).

NEW JERSEY.

Hale v. Ross, 2 & 3 N. J. L. 590 (1811); Vanuxem v. Hazlehurst, 4 N. J. L. 192 (1818); Oldens v. Hallet, 5 N. J. L. 468 (1819); Rowland v. Stevenson, 6 N. J. L. 149 (1822); Wood v. Malin, 10 N. J. L. 208 (1828); Ballantine v. Haight, 16 N. J. L. 196 (1837).

PENNSYLVANIA.

Miller v. Hall, 1 Dallas, 229 (1788); Thompson v. Young, 1 Dallas, 294 (1788); Donaldson v. Chambers, 2 Dallas, 100 (1788); Harris v. Mandeville, 2 Dallas, 256 (1796); Hare, Exo'r v. Moultrie, 2 Yeates, 435 (1799) ; Hilliard v. Greenleaf, 2 Yeates, 533 (1800); Smith v. Brown, 3 Binney, 201 (1810); Boggs v. Teacle, 5 Binney, 382 (1812); Walsh v. Nourse, 5 Binney, 381 (1813); Farmer's and Mechanic's Bank v. Smith, 3 S. & R. 63 (1817); Hobblethwaite v. Batturs, 1 Miles, 82 (1835); Mount v. Bradford, 2 Miles, 17 (1836); Carey v. Conrad, 2 Miles, 92 (1837); Wheelock v. Leonard, 20 Pa. St. 440 (1853).

MARYLAND.

McKim v. Marshall, 1 Harris & J. 101 (1800); Frey v. Kirk, 4 Gill & J. 509 (1832); Nelson v. Bond, I Gill, 218 (1843); Lizardi v. Cohen, 3 Gill, 430 (1845); Larrabee v. Talbot, 5 Gill, 426 (1847); Potter v. Kerr, 1 Md. Ch. 281 (1848); Evans v. Sprigg, 2 Md. Rep. 457 (1852); Poe v. Duck, 5 Md. Rep. 1 (1853); Pinckney v. Lanahan, 62 Md. 447 (1884); Brown v. Smart, 69 Md. 320 (1888); Baker v. Kunkel, 70 Md. 392 (1889).

VIRGINIA.

Banks v. Greenleaf, 6 Call, 271 (1791).

ALABAMA.

Wilson v. Matthews, 32 Ala. 332 (1858).

OHIO.

Smith v. Parsons, 1 Ohio Rep. 236 (1823); Bank of Utica v. Card, 7 Ohio Rep. Pt. 2, 170 (1836); Weil v. The State, 46 Ohio St. 450 (1889).

INDIANA.

Pugh v. Bussel, 2 Blackf. 394 (1831); Wiley v. Pavey, 61 Ind. 457 (1878).

ILLINOIS.

Mason v. Wash., 1 Breese, 15 (1822).

IOWA.

Collins v. Rodolph, 3 G. Greene, 299 (1851); Hawley v. Hunt, 27 Ia. 303 (1869).

MISSOURI.

Fareira v. Keevil, 18 Mo. 186 (1853); Crow v. Coons, 27 Mo. 512 (1858).

TEXAS.

Beers et al v. Rhea, 5 Texas, 349 (1849).

OREGON.

Main et al. v. Messner, 17 Oregon, 78 (1888).

CALIFORNIA.

Hanscom v. Tower, 17 Cal. 518 (1861); Thomas v. Crow, 65 Cal. 470 (1884); Rhodes v. Borden, 67 Cal. 7 (1885); Lowenberg v. Levine, 93 Cal. 216 (1892).