the self was really added, though this fact has become obscured by the change the language has undergone. (c) Indefinite and Distributive. Indefinite pro

nouns are such as stand for nouns without being definite in quantity. The distributive pronouns are such as stand for nouns in an individual rather than a collective sense. The indefinite pronouns are some, another, other, both, all, one, such, none, which, several.

Note the difference between one used as an Indefiaite substantive pronoun and as a numeral adjective; in the former employment it has case; as,

Nominative.-One said London was burnt,
Possessive.-One's own heart rebelled.
Objective. They told one she was dead.

The word is used as an indefinite substantive pronoun, without any limitation as to mere number, as in French, "Ici on Parle francais"-here one speaks French.

The Distributive pronouns are each, either, neither. It must be carefully borne in mind that these are to be used without the substantive as otherwise they become adjective pronouns of the sub-division Indefinite Distributive.

The use of the word each is peculiar: at first sight it seems as if the word is frequently used in the objective sense; as, "they hated each other." But a little examination will show that each is Nom. to the verb hated, the object of which is other, the sentence being equivalent to "each hated the other." The same remark will apply to those instances where the word at first sight appears to have a possessive signification; as, "they hated each other's doings," which is really to be read "each hated the other's doings."

In such phrases as "they said to each other," each must be taken as the Nom. to said; and the preposition to must be made to govern other; as, ""each

said to the other."

(d) The Relative pronoun is used instead of a noun, pronoun, or clause which has gone before and is called the antecedent, as 66 The man who loves God is wise;" "He who is wise is praiseworthy;" where who is the relative and man and He the antecedents.

The relative pronouns are who, which, that, and what; of these who is used in reference to persons only, which for inanimate objects and children; but it is not the neuter form of who, and so may be correctly used for persons, as in "Our Father which art in heaven." What is a compound relative, including both the relative and antecedent; as, "this is what I desired," equivalent to "this is that which I desired." That is also used for what in old English we speak that we know"-" we speak that which we know."

Some grammarians prefer to consider what as a relative with the antecedent not expressed but merely understood; as, "I know what you have done;" where the relative what refers to an antecedent known to the speaker and listener but not named. We have many examples of the suppression of the antecedent in the case of the relative pronouns in English, as in the example just cited, "We speak that we know," and in such phrases as, "Who steals my purse steals

trash;" where the who is relative to he understood. In old English, among the poets especially, what was used adjectively before a substantive; as, "What time the cock with clarion loud ?"

That is used for either persons or inanimate objects; as, "the man and dog that were lost," &c.-It is more euphonious than who, and is not used after proper nouns or any nouns already defined. That is indeclinable having no. change of grammatical form to express number, gender or case; as, "The man that sins will die;" "The men that sin will die;" "The

man that sins will die;" "The woman that sins will die;" "The man that sins will die;" "The sword broke that I struck," (Obj.)

Whoever, whosoever, whatever, whatsoever, &c., are compound relatives, and are thus declined :Nominative. -Whosoever or whoever.

Possessive.-Whosesoever.
Objective.-Whomsoever.

The peculiarity about these compound forms, anu the point in which they differ from the simple relatives, is that they confer the notion of universality to the antecedent; as, "Whoever or whosoever goes will die;"-contrast the intensive signification of this with "He who sins will die."

Who and which are thus declined, but some grammarians consider which indeclinable:

Singular.

Nom. Who.
Poss. Whose.
Obj. Whom.

Plural.

Nom. Which.
Poss. Of which.
Obj. Which.

The old use of whose for the possessive of which is being discarded; as, I could a tale unfold whose lightest word," which would be modernized into "I could a tale unfold of which the lightest word."

It will be noted here that the Relative pronoun differs from the Definitive adjectives this and that, in having a connective function in a sentence; thus in the sentence, "The man who is wise will be respected," who is a relative to the antecedent man, and it also connects the sentence, the man will be respected, with the sentence, who is wise; at the same time they are not so specially connective in their function as the conjunctions, which can as mere links be left out altogether, the sentences remaining disconnected; as, "The man will be respected (and) he is wise."

The Interrogative pronoun "is the relative in search of an antecedent;" as, "who did this ?" "which is it?" "what did he say ?" "whether of the two did it ?" They are employed in asking questions-whence their name.

(e) Demonstrative pronouns point out or demonstrate the object referred to, as this, plural these; that, plural those; such and same. The distinction between this and that consists in the fact that the former refers to an object or person near the speaker, the latter to some thing or person more remote; as, "gold is not plentiful;" "iron is abundant;" "this is more useful than that;" where the later mentioned object, iron, is nearer the mind of the speaker. These words may point to the whole clause or sentence; as, "That be far from me, to slay the righteous with the wicked;" "This I say, that whoso doeth these things shall die." Carefully note that these pronouns are used without the noun, as otherwise they become adjectives (definitive).

ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS.

These are so called because they are pronouns in origin, and yet are mostly used as adjectives.

(a) The Possessive Pronouns. These differ from personal pronouns in the possessive case both in form, pronunciation and meaning; as may be seen by comparing the two.

The personal pronoun, possessive case, is used only with the object possessed or owned; as, my hat, thy hat; his, her, its hat; our, your, their hat; but the possessive pronoun does not take the object after it; as, it is mine, thine, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs.

It is true that in old English mine was used where strict accuracy required my; as, "mine eye runneth over;" for the sake of euphony to avoid the double vowel sounds, but this should be avoided.

(b) Reflexive Possessives are such as, my own, our own, your own, &c.

(c) The Indefinite Distributive pronouns are any, each, either, neither, other.

(d) The Relative and Interrogative pronouns are which, what, whatever, whosoever, &c.

RELATIONS OF THE PRONOUN IN SENTENCES.

1. Pronouns agree with the nouns they represent in Person, Number, Gender and Case; as, "John

began to reign and he was a bad king.”

2. Pronouns, in the Nominative Case, agree with their verbs in number and person; as, "I am king,' "thou art queen," &c.

3. The Relative agrees with its antecedent in number

and gender, but not in case; as, "The man is

wise who loves God, for God will love him." 4, When inanimate objects are personified, who may be used in referring to them instead of which; as, "There is a reaper whose name is death."

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ADVERB.

The adverb (ad L. to, verbum a word) is so called because it is put to the verb (adjective or another adverb) to modify the meaning. We thus find that adverbs are sometimes identical in form with adjectives; as, 'the ship is a fast sailer," and "He runs fast;" and this arises from the fact, already pointed out, that in Anglo Saxon, adverbs were formed from the adjectives by the addition of a final e; as, soft, softe, the terminational e having become subsequently lost from the adverbial form in the many changes of spelling words have undergone.

A special license is allowed to the poets in this respect, on account of the difficulties of rhythm and poetical composition generally, so that in poetry we frequently meet with adjectives employed instead of adverbs where the measure or the scanning of the verse demands it.