ENGLISH GRAMMAR. "The Conjunction and analysis of sentences." The conjunction is a word used to connect words or sentences together. We have already seen that other parts of speech as the (1) preposition, (2) adverb, (3) and relative pronoun serve this function of joining sentences or parts of sentences together, but the conjunction differs from these, -(1), in not governing a case as the preposition does; (2), in not being capable of being shifted to any other part of the sentence without injury to the sense -as adverbs can often be; and (3), in being capable of being removed altogether, generally without loss of meaning. Conjunctions connect sentences or words which either agree with each other, or are Co-ordinate; or which disagree or modify each other, or are Subordinate; so we have two kinds of conjunctions. Conjunctions generally connect pronouns or nouns in the same case; as, "they struck him more than me,” where both him and me are in the objective case, governed by struck; and, "they struck him more than I," where both I and they are in the nominative case to struck. Conjunctions connect the same moods, tenses, and persons of verbs if these refer to the same persons engaged in the same being, doing, or suffering; as, "If a man love God and do His will." Conjunctions implying doubt govern the subjunctive; as, "if he come he will stay." Such are if, unless, lest, as, though, whenever, wherever, until. CO-ORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS. (a) Affirmative. These connect affirmations together, either of words, as, "three and three are six," or of sentences, as, there were three men, and these Other affirmatives are,-moreover, also, as well as, and, both, likewise, further, furthermore. went to America." 66 (b) Negative. These connect negatives together, and are of course used with the same general conjunctional function of connecting words and sentences as the preceding, but differ in the kind of words or sentences they join together. They may not be termed Disjunctive, as a disjunctive conjunction is a verbal contradiction ;-such are neither and its correlative nor. (c) Alternative.-These connect words or sentences in which an alternative is expressed. They thus resemble the preceding, but with the absence of the notion of negation;—such are the correlatives, either, or, &c. (d) Adversative.-These connect words or sentences implying the notion of opposition or contrariety, and include the following:-nevertheless, notwithstanding, still, yet, though, but, on the contrary. (e) Illative conjunctions connect words or sentences implying the notion of sequence or consequence, the one affirmation or negation following logically from the admission of the other; as, "God is great since He is love, and love is great." Among these conjunctions are the following:-consequently, therefore, wherefore, since, because, accordingly, thence, hence, whence, then, now, &c. SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS. It is this class of conjunctions that most nearly resemble adverbs, from which in actual function, however, they can always be discriminated by the test previously given. The pupil will, therefore, in parsing, require to pay very strict attention to the actual use of the word in a sentence. (a) Time.-These refer to time, and also connect words or sentences together; as, "Man fell after God created him." They include the following:-as soon as, before, after, whilst, as long as, as often as. (b) Place. These refer to place, and also connect words or sentences; as, "he came whither he was told." They include the following:-where, there, thither, whence, thence. (c) Manner. These imply likeness, and also connect words and sentences together; as, "he came as he went." "He (d) Degree. These imply excess or deficiency, and also connect words and sentences together; as, was more feared than loved,"-"He was more feared than he was loved." (e) Causation. These express the notion of (1) reason, (2) condition, (3) purpose, and of (4) the result; and at the same time connect words and sentences together; as, (1) "Whereas he stumbled he fell." (2) "Provided he stumbled he will fall." (3) "He stumbled in order to fall." (4) "Notwithstanding he stumbled, he fell not." RELATIONS OF CONJUNCTIONS IN We have just remarked that prepositions are very like conjunctions, from which, however, they can be distinguished by their governing cases. This points out their relations in composition. The words they thus govern are the following: Nouns; as, 66 come with John." Pronouns; as, "come with me." Noun phrases or phrases used instead of a noun; as, "Put thy trust in serving the Lord with all thy heart." Gerundial Infinitives.—In serving God. Certain verbs and nouns require to be followed by certain prepositions. If these take two different prepositions after them, they have then generally different meanings in the two instances; as,— Averse from expresses repugnance to an action. Coupled with refers to the twin object with which the object is yoked, as a prisoner coupled with another prisoner. Coupled by refers to the copula, or link, or word of connection thus uniting the coupled objects, as two prisoners coupled by a chain, so we have, To fall in—of soldiers getting into line. To fall out to get out of line. To fall on-to attack. To fall to-to begin. To fall in with-to meet. The following list shews what prepositions must follow particular verbs: Accord with-in neuter Disapprove of. Eager in. Made of material. Martyr to and for. ready Provide against) for. Provide with-furnish. [Reduce to—a state. Reduce under-control. CORRELATIVES. We have already seen that certain conjunctions are followed by corresponding words. Besides those already given we have the following correlatives :though-yet, though-still, whether-or, if-then, bothand, now-then, now-therefore, because-therefore, forbecause, as-so, so-as,-than, after a comparative, and after, other, and rather. INTERJECTIONS. We have thus briefly reviewed all the parts of speech except the Interjection. It will not be necessary to say much of this as it is rather a cry or exclamation, having no grammatical connection with |