range, running along the coast to the W. of the Rocky Mts. Among the peaks of the Rocky Mts. are,—Mt. Hooker, and Mt. Brown; while in the Sea Alps to the W. are,―Mt. St. Elias, 16,000 ft.; and Mt. Fairweather, 15,000 ft.

COAST-LINE. This forms part of the shore-line of three of the Oceans-the Arctic, Atlantic, and Pacific. Off the former are the islands of Banks I., Prince Albert I., King William I., Melville I., Prince Patrick I., Prince of Wales I., Cornwallis I., Grimnel I., N. Somerset, N. Devon, N. Lincoln, Cockburn I. &c.

The principal inlets, &c., of this ocean are,-Coronation G., Victoria St., McClintock Channel, Melville Sd., G. of Boothia, Regent Inlet, Wellington Channel, Barrow St., Lancaster Sd., James Sd., Smith Sd., and Kennedy Channel.

In the Atlantic are,-C. Charles, St. of Belleisle, between Newfoundland and Labrador; G. of St. Lawrence, C. Race (Newfoundland), the Isles of C. Breton and Prince Edward, C. Sable, at the S. extremity of the peninsula of Nova Scotia; and the B. of Fundy, between it and the mainland.

In the Pacific are, the Juan de Fuca St., and Q. Charlotte Sd., between Vancouver I. and the mainland; Q. Charlotte I., Prince of Wales I., King George III. Isle (Archipelago), Sitka I., Admiralty I., and New Archangel.

HUDSON'S BAY is connected with the Atlantic by Hudson's St., and with the Arctic by Fox Channel. It is 1,000 miles from N. to S., by 600 miles from E. to W., and is ice-locked for a large part of the year. In the N. is Southampton I., off the Chesterfield Inlet. In the S is James's Bay.

Baffins B. and Davis St. are channels between British N. America and Greenland.

RIVERS. (a) Draining into the Arctic are, the noble Mackenzie, taking the waters of the Lesser Slave Lake, L. Athabasca, Great Slave Lake, and Great Bear L.; rising in Mt. Brown, and receiving as tributaries -the Peace, Liard, and Peel rivers on the left ban'

(b) Flowing into Hudson's B. are, the Churchill, Nelson, Severn, Main, and Whale; of which the Churchill is connected with Deer L., and Wollaston L; and the Nelson with L. Winnipeg, and Winnipegoos.

(c) Flowing into the Atlantic is the R. St. Lawrence, 2,000 miles, taking the waters of Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario. On the R. Niagara (33 miles long), between the last two lakes, are the famous Falls of Niagara, which ships avoid by means of the Welland Canal. On the left bank the St. Lawrence receives the waters of the Ottawa, St. Maurice, and Saguenay; on the right bank those of the Richelieu, St. Francis, and Chaudiere.

(d) Flowing into the Pacific are, the R. Columbia, Frazer, Salmon, and Simpson.

DIVISIONS AND TOWNS--CANADA is principally situated to the N. of the Canadian Lakes and of the St. Lawrence, but the most E. portion lies S. of that river, and extends to Maine and New Brunswick. The length from E. to W. is about 1,000 miles, and the breadth from N. to S. about 300 miles; only about one-seventh of this, however, viz., the district adjoining the R. St. Lawrence, is as yet settled. The shoreline of the river and lakes is about 2,000 miles in length. The country is divided into Canada E., and Canada W., corresponding to the older divisions of Upper and Lower Canada; these are again divided into counties and townships.

The capital is Ottawa, on the river of the same name, at the beginning of the Rideau Canal, which extends thence to the E. end of L. Ontario. It is engaged in the export of timber, and manufacturing iron (at Hull, on the opposite side of the river). At the other end of the canal is Kingston.

Though the seat of government is at Ottawa, the largest town is Montreal, on Montreal I., in the St. Lawrence, having a fine cathedral and port.

Another important city is Quebec, on the left bank of the St Lawrence, taken by General Wolfe, in 1759.

Toronto lies to the W. of L. Ontario, and is engaged in the exportation of corn. Other towns are,- London, on the Thames; and Three Rivers, at the mouth of the St. Maurice.

HISTORY. This portion of British N. America was first discovered by John and Sebastian Cabot, 1497, and first settled by the French, who built Quebec. General Wolfe won Quebec at the cost of his life, in 1759; and in 1760 the whole district was conquered by England, and made over to this country at the peace which ensued.

HUDSON'S B. TERRITORY.-This includes an area of two million sq. miles, of which the E. portion, or Labrador, is barren. To the S. of Hudson's B. is a Forest district, while to the W. is a region of Prairie land; the valley of the Mackenzie being thinly wooded and covered with lakes. It cannot be said that there are any towns, the total population being only about 120,000, and consisting of fur-trappers, hunters, missionaries, and half-breeds. The natives are either Esquimaux or Indians: and the only productions are skins of badgers, bears, and beavers, coneys, ermine, deer, weasel, fox, marten, lynx, musk rat, minx, rabbit, seal, otter, wolf, &c.

BRITISH COLUMBIA.-This is situated on the W. side of the Rocky Mts., between 49° N. L. and the R. Simpson, being about 400 miles long, by 250 miles broad.

The capital is New Westminster, on the R. Frazer, but the whole colony contains only about 50,000 inhabitants, of whom many are Americans and Chinese. The colony has only been constituted since the gold discoveries there in 1858.

VANCOUVER'S ISLE lies to the W. of the preceding, separated from it by Q. Charlotte Sd., and is 270 miles long, by 40 miles broad. The climate resembles that of England, and there are abundant mineral resources there.

The capital is Victoria, in the S.E. It was con stituted a colony in 1856.

NEW BRUNSWICK is bounded on the N., by Canada E. On the S., by the B. of Fundy, and Nova Scotia. On the E., by the G. of St. Lawrence. Ou the W., by the State of Maine.

The capital is Fredericton, on the R. St. John; at the mouth of that river, and on the B. of Fundy, is the commercial and ship-building town of St. John, with its suburb, Portland.

Besides are,-Newcastle, on the R. Miramichi; and Liverpool, on the G. of the St. Lawrence. The principal export of the colony is lumber or timber.

NOVA SCOTIA-washed on all sides by the Atlantic, except where an isthmus, 6 miles broad, connects it with the mainland; its length, from C. Canseun, in the N., to C. Sable, in the S., is 250 miles. The most important wealth owned by the colony is coal, of which it has inexhaustible supplies; there is also iron of very superior quality.

The capital is Halifax, in the S.E., with a magnificent and deep harbour, 10 miles across. Picton, another seaport, is in the N., besides Yarmouth, in the W.

C. BRETON ISLE forms a portion of the government of Nova Scotia, from which it is separated by the Gut of Canso. The capital is Sydney.

PRINCE EDWARD IȘLE, in the G. of the St. Lawrence, is separated from the two preceding by Northumberland St.; indented on all sides by the sea. The chief towns are,-Charlottetown and Georgetown. It was discovered about the same time as Canada, being made over to England with that colony.

NEWFOUNDLAND is separated from Labrador by the St. of Bellisle, having the G. of St. Lawrence on the W., and the Atlantic on the E., N., and S. The chief occupation of the people is in fishing (cod, salmon, mackerel, and herring). The fisheries of the

coast are mostly in the hands of the colonists, while the French and Americans work those on the banks to the S. of the island.

The capital is St. John, in the S.E. The island of Anticosti is subject to Newfoundland. The island was discovered by Cabot, and ceded to England by the peace of Utrecht, 1713.

BERMUDA is a naval station, 600 miles E. of C. Hatteras, and consists of a group of small low islands 365 in number. The capital is Hamilton; the chief military station, St. George. It derives its name from its Spanish discover Bermudez, but it has been in the possession of England since 1612.

GREENLAND.—Area 360,000 sq. miles; inhabited by about 10,000 Esquimaux. The surface is mountainous and covered with perpetual snow and glaciers over the greater portion. The shores are visited for whales and sealskins; eider down and narwhal tusks are exported.

The only towns deserving of the name are,— Julianshaab, Christianshaab, and Uppernavik.

WEST INDIES.

These are included in the Greater Antilles, or the four larger central islands, only one of which (Jamaica) belongs to Britain; the Lesser Antilles, most of which belong to this country, stretching from the Greater Antilles to the R. Orinoco; and the Bahamas, all of which are British possessions; with the Leeward Isles, off the N. coast of Venezuela. These comprise oneseventh of the total area of the West Indies.

(1) JAMAICA is the largest of the British West Indies, being 160 miles in length from E. to W., and aquarter of this in breadth from N. to S.

The chief range of mountains are,-the Blue Mountains, 7,150 ft. high, running along the axis of extension of the island, sending off spurs to the E In