1858, nine; in 1859, twelve, beginning with which year the graduating classes commenced a satisfactory and generally consistent increase in numbers. The last honorary degree of Doctor of Medicine was conferred in 1879 upon Charles A. Doremus, who had entered the Faculty not as a practicing physician but as professor of chemistry. The degree of M. D., as an honorary distinction, has been but infrequently granted by Buffalo, as by all American universities, which have generally preferred to honor physicians of prestige by giving them a degree which they did not already possess, such as Doctor of Science or Doctor of Laws. Yale honored Dr. Park with the LL. D. degree. The same honor has been conferred on several present members of the faculties, Charles B. Wheeler having received it from Williams and John Lord O'Brian from Hobart.

V. EXPANDING ACTIVITIES.

The first active effort to bring to a realization the fervid argument of Millard Fillmore for the addition of an academic department seems not to have been begun until 1862, when two committees of the Council were appointed to consider and report upon the creation of departments of law and of liberal arts. Here is a further example of Buffalo's refusal to allow the stress and strain of civil war to interfere with projects for her intellectual advancement. Evidently, however, though the war did not interfere with the foundation of several institutions, it was decided that the time was not propitious for the expansion of the University. The reports of these two committees apparently were made orally, since there is no evidence of their having been recorded; but the idea of University expansion was in the air and received repeated impetus from then on. In 1868 the addition of a dental department was discussed for the first time and the first step actually taken, since it was determined to leave the organization of a college of

dentistry to the Medical Faculty, where it rested for so many years that it was thought to have sunk to its final repose.

In 1867 Dr. Julius F. Miner was elected professor of special surgery and three years later was made dean, suc-. ceeding Dr. James Hadley, who had been promoted from registrar to dean in 1867, but returned to his old position in 1870. Dr. Miner served as dean until 1875, when Dr. Milton G. Potter succeeded to the office. In 1877 Dr. Thomas F. Rochester, who to his commanding personality joined the sureness of diagnosis and the rare knowledge and skill in practice which gave him a dominating position among Buffalo's medical men, was again made dean of the Faculty as he had been dean of his profession since Dr. White's death, serving until his decease in 1887. Dr. Rochester belongs perhaps to the second generation of the Faculty, the first comprising the founders, White, Flint, Hamilton, Hadley, and the third, men like Park, Stockton (still teaching), Cary, and Mann. Happily the fourth "generation," worthy successors of their forerunners, are actively teaching, and uphold and transmit intact the old ideals.

Both James Hadley and Potter died in 1878, a loss doubly severe, necessitating a partial reorganization of the Faculty. After a short interval Dr. Hadley was succeeded as secretary of the Faculty by Charles Cary, who thus began, in 1879, a service in many capacities. The same year he began his teaching as professor of anatomy, but in 1889 changed his chair to that of materia medica, adding that of clinical medicine. In 1899 he gave up the chair of materia medica but continued as professor of clinical medicine until 1911, when he was made professor emeritus -a service in active teaching totalling thirty-two years. The Council also elected him to membership in 1879, a connection which he has ever since retained, and for many

years during the thirty-seven of his membership he has been the senior member, the only one to note the expansion of the University as each of the other five departments was added.

Nothing in the University's charter had prevented the entrance of women students, but no woman was graduated until 1876, when the degree was conferred upon Dr. Mary B. Moody, now of Los Angeles, California, who has retained a lively interest in her alma mater despite the years and the distance which separate her.

In 1877 the Council suffered several severe losses by death; but the places of those who died, George R. Babcock, Orlando Allen, and Joseph Warren, were filled by three men, two of whom, Messrs. Sprague and Putnam, subsequently became Chancellors of the University; and the third was David Gray, whose fame Buffalo cherishes as editor and poet.

During the two decades from 1870 to 1890 the scope and method of medical education were so changed by the rapid progress in medical science as to require extension of the college course from two years of five months each to three years of six months each. The birth and development of the science of bacteriology, the need of more practical training in pathology and chemistry, and of a more accurate knowledge of anatomy and histology, all demanded largely increased facilities not only in material equipment but in teaching.

During the eight years from 1882 to 1890 the governing Faculty of the Medical Department was completely changed, not one chair being occupied in 1890 by the incumbent of nine years before. Six new men had been called to Faculty positions and one had been transferred to another chair. During this time also occurred an enlargement of the teaching staff by the appointment of adjunct, associate and clinical professors, with assistants

and instructors in the laboratory and recitation courses. A Spring course was in operation during the years 1884 to 1893. It consisted of eight weeks of supplementary and special instruction given largely by the members of the adjunct Faculty. It was regarded as an excellent feature but was superseded by lengthening the regular session to seven months and shortly thereafter to nine months for each of the four years.

The first of these changes in the teaching staff brought Matthew D. Mann, M. A., M. D., into the Faculty as professor of obstetrics, beginning a connection which, as professor and later as dean, was to give the institution the impress of an executive ability and a rapidly increasing reputation as surgeon and author, which did not terminate with his resignation in 1911, for he has continued as professor emeritus. He became secretary of the Faculty in 1882 and was made dean in 1887. In 1882 another addition was made in giving the chair of chemistry to Rudolph A. Witthaus, M. A., M. D., of New York, taking the place of Dr. Doremus, who was called to New York. Dr. Witthaus died in 1916, having achieved a national reputation.

If the Faculty was strengthened by these two appointments it was immeasurably weakened by the death in 1881 of Dr. James P. White, the last of the founders, a tower of strength for decades to his University and his city. His place in the Council was taken by Sherman S. Rogers. In the same year Dr. Rochester was made Vice-Chancellor of the University, an office purely honorary on account of the assiduity and devotion of Mr. Marshall. The next year the chair of surgery was made vacant through the retirement of that Nestor of surgeons and unequaled teacher, Edward M. Moore, and the disability of his brilliant colleague, Julius F. Miner. In the words of Dr. Stockton, 15 "to find an adequate successor of these men started a canvass of

15 Park, "Selected Papers," p. XL

America, for only one having the topmost qualifications could hope to fill the gap. An appeal to Chicago by Dr. Rochester brought the assurance from Professor Moses Gunn that Roswell Park stood out as the one whose ability would satisfy every need"; and so in June, 1883, he was called from Rush Medical College to become professor of surgery. "His advent in Buffalo was opportune; it was a transitional period from old to new concepts in pathology at the threshold of modern surgery. Together with Mann he re-educated the local medical profession and advanced immeasurably through his sound pathology, novel teaching, operative skill and spreading fame, the reputation of the Medical School."

By those outside the Faculty Dr. Park's appointment was not greeted with particular satisfaction. The Buffalo Medical Journal, which was founded in the same year as the University by one of the founders of the latter, Austin Flint, at this time was somewhat unfriendly to the Medical Department, being termed the unofficial organ of the rival institution, the Medical Department of Niagara University; while the so-called organ of the University of Buffalo was the Medical Press of Western New York, edited by Dr. Park with a staff consisting principally of members of the Faculty. An editorial in the Buffalo Medical Journal for August, 1883, states that "Professor Moore's resignation is a loss to the profession of this city as well as to the College. It is but fair to say of him that he is recognized as the ablest professor of surgery in this country. We

learn that Dr. Roswell Park of Chicago has been appointed

.. in the place thus vacated. We fail to ascertain,

after repeated inquiries in surgical circles, that the new appointee brings to this responsible position any extensive experience or reputation." There was much more in this strain, but it was not long before the "rival" journal recognized in Dr. Park a man with whom it was hard to be an