alent to a denial of the claim to an exemption from taxation. 3. The universal rule in regard to taxation is that the power and the right to tax are always presumed. The exemption from taxation must be clearly granted. Mere silence is the same as a denial of exemption. 3d section of the charter. There is nothing, 173] therefore, legally inconsistent in *treating the corporation of plaintiff in error as a corporation doing business by virtue of the charter of 1856, and the legislative recognition accorded to Taylor and his associates in 1881, while at the same time the exemption contained in that same charter is held not to have passed by any of the proceedings above mentioned. This view of the case disposes of the objection taken by plaintiff in error to the position of the state as being inconsistent in that it assumes by taxing the corporation plaintiff in error or its Argued January 20-22, 1896. Decided March shareholders and by its bill of complaint in this suit to treat the former as a corporation, while at the same time denying it the exemption contained in the 3d section of the act of 1856. We agree that the bill of complaint and the supplemental bill in this suit both proceed up on an implication that the corporation plaintiff in error is actually a corporation under the provisions of the charter of 1856 alone, and that it has no other charter under which to justify its corporate existence than the one just named; but for the reasons already given, the attitude of the state is not inconsistent in treating the plaintiff in error as a corporation, and at the same time denying to it any title to the exemption claimed. The corporation may exist under and by virtue of the purchase of the charter at the receiver's sale, and the legislative recognition and the assumption of the state that it is a corporation, and yet not have the title to the exemption, because it not in fact or in law the same corporation originally in corporated. The judgment must be affirmed. Mr. Justice White concurs in the result. (NOTE.-No. 677, by stipulation, abides the event of foregoing case.) PHENIX FIRE & MARINE INSURANCE 0. 4. The decision of the supreme court of a state as to the weight to be given to a judgment of a court of that state is not reviewable in this court because it is not a Federal question. [No. 269.] 2, 1896. N ERROR to the Supreme Court of the State of Tennessee to review a judgment of. that court affirming the judgment of the Chancery Court of Tennessee for Shelby County, and for the recovery of taxes due from the Phenix Fire Insurance Company of Memphis or its stockholders to the city of Memphis, in an action brought by the State of Tennessee for the use of that city against said company and another. Affirmed. See same case below, 91 Tenn. 566. Mr. Justice Peckham delivered the opinion of the court: This was a bill filed by the plaintiffs below in the chancery court of Tennessee for Shelby county, in October, 1891, to recover taxes al leged to be due from the corporation, plaintiff in error, or its stockholders, to the city of Memphis for the years 1888 to 1891, inclusive. The complainant's bill alleged that neither the defendant company nor its shareholders had any immunity from taxation, and that if any such immunity existed it could not operate to protect both the shareholders and the capital stock. Judgment was accordingly prayed in the alternative against the corpoгаtion or the stockholders according as the taxes might be held to have been laid upon one or the other. A demurrer was interposed to the bill, which was sustained in the court below. STATE OF TENNESSEE for the Use of the but upon appeal to *the supreme court, [174 CITY OF MEMPHIS. (See S. C. Reporter's ed. 174-188.) Immunity from taxation - denial of claimright to tax presumed-Federal question. 1. Immunity from taxation is not granted to a com that judgment was reversed. 91 Tenn. 566. The latter court held that the charter of the company contained no immunity from taxation. and that both its shares of stock and capital stock were subject to the taxing power of the state and municipality. The case was thereupon remanded to the court below for further proceedings. It having been determined by the supreme court that the complainant upon the allegations of the bill was entitled to ties" of still another prior company which had discovery of the names and residences of the such exemption. The omission of the word stockholders, a stipulation was entered into "immunities" raisesa doubt as to the exemption, between the parties to avoid the necessity of which requires the denial of its existence. the discovery, by which it was agreed that the 2. The existence of a well-founded doubt is equiv. | corporation would assume any liability that pany by granting to it "all the rights and priv ileges" of another company to which had been granted "all the rights, privileges, and immuni NOTE.-As to exemption from taxation; whether a | As to power of states to tax, see note to Dobbins contract or not; not implied, see note to Tucker v. Ferguson, 22: 805. As to when an injunction to restrain the collection of a tax will be granted, see note to Dows v. Chicago, 20: 65. As to when taxes Megally assessed can be recovered back, see note to Erskine v. Van Arsdale, 21: 63. v. Erie County Comrs. 10: 1022. As to jurisdiction in the United States Supreme Court where Federal question arises or where are drawn in question statutes, treaty, or Constitution, see notes to Martin v. Hunter, 4:97; Matthews v. Zane, 2: 654; and Williams v. Norris, 6: 571. might be established against the stockholders, and that a decree might be entered accordingly, and that the defendant Johnson should be made a defendant in his capacity of a stock holder and as the representative of all the others. By its answer the defendant company claimed immunity from taxation both for itself and its shareholders, and also set up a plea of res judicata, and alleged various objections to the validity of the several assess ments upon which complainant claimed taxes due to the state. The case was duly tried, and judgment for the complainant was rendered by the trial court, in which it was adjudged that by the charter neither the defendant company nor its shares of stock had any immunity from taxation, and that both were, for the years mentioned in the bill, subject to the taxing power of the state. The court decided the Federal question made by the defendants below against them, and adjudged that the state tax laws set up in the record, under which the taxes were levied, were not violative of the Constitution of the United States, or void as claimed by the defendants. This judgment was in substance affirmed by the supreme court, and the defendants below sued out a writ of error, and the record is now here for review. The question first arising is as to the correctness of the judgment holding at the plaintiffs in error were not entitled to any immunity from taxation either as to the capital certain annual tax on each share of capital stock subscribed, which was declared to be in lieu of all other taxes, and the question is now presented, whether by virtue of these various statutes the plaintiff in error was granted an immunity from taxation to the same extent as that given to the Bluff City Insurance Company and to the De Soto Insurance Company. Is immunity from taxation granted to plaintiff in error under language which grants "all the rights and privileges" of a company which has such immunity? In statutes, as is sometimes the case in legal *documents, more [177 words are occasionally used than are necessary to convey the meaning of those who passed the statute or executed the document, and it may happen that this very excess of verbiage tends to confuse rather than to enlighten one as to the meaning intended. The words "rights, privileges, and immunities" when used in a statute of the kind under consideration are certainly full and ample for the purpose of granting an exemption from taxation contained in the first or original statute, and when in granting to still another company certain rights the word "immunities" is dropped, its absence would seem and ought to have some special significance. In granting to the De Soto company "all the rights, privileges, and immunities" of the Bluff City company, all words were used which could be regarded as necessary to carry the exemption from taxation possessed by the Bluff City company, while in the next following grant, that of the charter of the plaintiff stock or the shares of stock in the hands of stock-in error, the word "immunities" is omitted. Is there any meaning to be attached to that omission? And, if so, what? We think some meaning is to be attached to it. The word "immunity" expresses more clearly and definitely an intention to include therein an exemption from taxation than does either of the other words. Exemption from taxation is more accurately described as an "immunity" than as a privilege, although it is not to be denied that the latter word may sometimes and under some circumstances include such exemption. It must always be borne in mind in construing language of this nature that the claim for exemption must be made out wholly beyond doubt, for, as stated by Mr. Justice Harlan in Chicago, B. & K. C. R. Co. v. Missouri, 120 U. S. 569 [30: 732]: "It is the settled doctrine of this court that an immunity from taxation by a state will not be recognized unless granted in terms too plain to be mistaken." See also Wilmington & W. R. Co. v. Alsbrook, 146 U. S. 279 [36: 972]. In leaving out a word which, if used, would be regarded as specially and particularly including an exemption from taxation granted to another company, it seems to us that a very grave doubt is cast upon the title of plaintiff in error to the exemption claimed, and in such case the existence *of a well-founded doubt is [178 equivalent to a denial of the claim. 176] holders. The *following are the facts: The Bluff City Insurance Company of Memphis was duly incorporated by an act of the legislature of Tennessee, and by § 10 of the act of incorporation it was enacted "that said company shall pay to the state an annual tax of of 1 per cent on each share of the capital stock subscribed, which shall be in lieu of all other taxes." On the 20th day of March, 1858, the legislature of Tennessee incorporated the De Soto Insurance Company, and that charter was amended on the 30th of March, 1860, and by § 11 of that act "all the rights, privileges, and immunities" of the Bluff City Insurance Company were granted to the De Soto Insurance Company. On the 11th day of March, 1867, the legislature incorporated the Wash ington Fire & Marine Insurance Company of Memphis, Tennessee, and by that act "all the rights and privileges" (omitting the word " immunities") of the De Soto Insurance Company of Memphis, Tennessee, granted to it in its charter or amendments were granted to the Washington Fire & Marine Insurance Company, above named, and by the act of the legislature, approved March 28, 1881, the name of the Washington Fire & Marine Insurance Company was changed to the Phenix Fire & Marine Insurance Company of Memphis, Tennessee, being the plaintiffs in error. The act of incorporation and the amendments thereto were duly accepted by plaintiff in error and its stockholders, and since that time the businessee in which it is said the word "immuni ness of fire and marine insurance has been conducted by it in Memphis, under the last corporate name. It will thus be seen that the Bluff City Insurance Company was to pay to the state a The learned counsel for plaintiff in error have cited many statutes of the state of Ten ties" is sometimes used where no exemption from taxation was intended, and he quotes a section from one act (Private Acts 1866-167, § 49 of an act, page 155), which grants "all the powers, privileges, and immunities" of another company that had no exemption, and in another | meaning of its own Constitution in reference case there were granted "all the rights, fran to this subject. chises, and privileges" of a railroad company which had an exemption from taxation. Many other instances of a like nature are cited. The result of it is to occasion great difficulty in determining what was really intended by the legislature in these various acts. The learned counsel for plaintiff in error also state that about the time these charters in question were granted the legislature customarily expressed the purpose to tax corporations when no exemption was intended. The inference is sought to be drawn in favor of exemption, if the legislature did not affirmatively grant the right to tax. We cannot assent to any such view, and we could come to no such conclusion from an examination of the general statutes cited by counsel. It is a complete overturning of the universal rule in regard to taxation. The power and the right to tax are always presumed, and the exemption is to be clearly granted. Mere silence is the same as a denial of exemption. We can see nothing in the "surrounding circumstances" which counsel claim should influence our examination and conclusion as to the meaning of these statutes, that in any way induces the belief that an exemption was That the legislature was, about the time in question, freely incorporating various com panies and granting them exemption from taxation with considerable liberality is not a sufficient reason to induce this court to depart from the universal and well-established rule making a claim for exemption a matter to be proved beyond all doubt. The circumstance which we regard as very significant and which has already been alluded to, consists in the omission of the word "immunities" in the grant to plaintiff in error. That omission we attach great weight to, and the least that can be said of it is that it involves the question in doubt. It cannot be denied that the decisions of this court are *somewhat involved in relation[180 to this question of exemption. It is difficult in some cases to distinguish the language used in each so far that the different results arrived at by the court can be seen to be founded upon a real difference in the meaning of such language. The question has sometimes arisen upon the consolidation of different companies, and sometimes upon a sale under a mortgage foreclosure. Among the former is the case of Keokuk & W. R. Co. v. Missouri, 152 U. S. 301 plainly intended. Our attention has not been | [38:450], where under the laws of Missouri called to circumstances which we should re- (Act of March 2, 1869, § 2) there was a progard as of that nature, nor is our judicial vision that the consolidated companies should knowledge of them sufficient in kind or degree to cause us to conclude that this exemption was intended to be granted to plaintiff in error. We do not find that at this time there was, as counsel insist, any settled rule of the courts that the word "privileges" always embraced exemption from taxation, or that "rights and privileges" and "privileges and be "subject to all the liabilities and bound by all the obligations of the companies within this state," and "be entitled to the same franchises and privileges under the laws of this state as if the consolidation had not taken place." The question was said to admit of doubt whether under the name "franchises and privileges" an immunity from taxation 179]immunities" were used *indiscriminately passed to the new company. Various cases and interchangeably, and always included such are cited in the opinion, which was delivered exemption. The different words above quoted by Mr. Justice Brown, showing the grounds were undoubtedly used in different statutes, and sometimes it might be insisted that one thing was meant and sometimes another, but we cannot find that there was any well known and definite rule governing the courts of Ten nessee at that time which made the words "privileges" or "rights," when used in cases of this nature, include, beyond any doubt and in all cases, an exemption from taxation. In Wilson v. Gaines, 9 Baxt. 546, it was held by the supreme court that as the state in its Constitution (Const. 1834, art. 11, § 7), used in the same connection all the words "rights," "privileges," "immunities," and "exemption," each of these words was to be given, in statutory interpretation, a meaning so limited as not to include anything expressed by the others, and that when any one of them is found in a statute the legislature must be conclusively presumed to have used it in its restricted sense. This decision of the Tennessee court tends very strongly to the idea that the words "immunity" or "exemption" would have been required to secure the exemption to a company in a case like this. It is true that this view was not assented to by this court as 'being the correct one (Tennessee v. Whitworth, 117 U. S. 139, 146 [29:833, 835]), and it is simply cited for the purpose of showing what the Tennessee court did decide in regard to the taken by this court in such cases. In Chesapenake & O. R. Co. v. Miller, 114 U. S. 176 [29:121] (a foreclosure case), it decided that an immunity from taxation enjoyed by one railroad company did not pass to the purchaser under the foreclosure of a mortgage, although the act provided that the purchaser should forthwith become a corporation, "and should succeed to all such franchises, rights, and privileges as would have been had by the original company but for such sale and conveyance." The case followed that of Morgan v. Louisiana, 93 U. S. 217 [23:860] (also a foreclosure case), where it was held that the words "franchises, rights, and privileges" did not necessarily include a grant of exemption or immunity from taxation. See also, to same effect, Memphis & L. R. R. Co. v. Berry, 112 U. S. 609 [28:837]. The case of Pickard v. East Tennessee, V. & G. R. Co. 130 U. S. 637 [32: 1051], may also be referred to upon the point that exemption, although it might be granted, must be considered as a personal privilege not extending beyond the immediate grantee unless otherwise so declared in express terms, and it was therein declared that such immunity *would not pass merely by a con-[181 veyance of the property and franchises of a railroad company, although such company might itself hold property exempt from taxation. In that case Mr. Justice Field, speaking for the court, said: "It is true there are some cases where the term 'privileges' has been held to include immunity from taxation, but that has generally been where other provisions of the act have given such meaning to it. The later and, we think, the better opinion is that unless other provisions remove all doubt of the intention of the legislature to include the immunity in the term 'privileges' it will not be so construed. It can have its full force by confining it to other grants to the corporation." This language is referred to by Mr. Chief Jus tice Fuller in the case of Wilmington & W. R. Co. v. Alsbrook, 146 U. S., where, at page 297 [36: 979], he says: "We do not deny that an exemption from taxation may be construed as included in the word 'privileges,' if there are other provisions removing all doubt of the intention of the legislature in that respect," citing the Pickard Case. Looking at the other side, we find the case of Humphrey v. Pegues, 83 U. S. 16 Wall. 244 [21: 326], where there was a grant to a railroad company of "all the rights, powers, and privileges" granted by the charter of another company which exempted the property of such other company from taxation, and it was held that the property of the first company was thereby also exempted. Mr. Justice Hunt in delivering the opinion of the court said that "a more important or more comprehensive privilege than a perpetual immunity from taxation can scarcely be imagined. It contains the essential idea of a peculiar benefit or ad vantage or special exemption from a burden falling upon others." Again, in Tennessee v. Whitworth, 117 U. S. 139 [29:833], it was held that a right to have shares in its capital stock exempt from taxation within the state was conferred upon a railroad corporation by a state statute granting to it "all the rights, powers, and privileges," or granting it "all the powers and. privileges" conferred upon another corporation named, if the latter corporation possessed by lawsuch right of exemption. Theques182] tion in that case *arose as to the meaning of certain statutes passed by the legislature of Tennessee, resulting in the consolidation of certain railroads therein mentioned. In the course of his opinion Mr. Chief Justice Waite cites the case of Philadelphia & W. R. Co. v. Maryland, 51 U. S. 10 How. 376, 393 [13:461, 468], where Mr. Chief Justice Taney, speaking of a statute which authorized the union of two railroad companies and secured to the union company "the property, rights, and privileges which that law or other laws conferred on them" (the separate companies or either of them), said that such language extended to the union company the exemption from taxation contained in the charter of one of the uniting companies. Mr. Chief Justice Waite continuing, in his opinion said: "As has already been seen, the word 'privilege' in its ordinary meaning, when used in this connection, includes anexemption from taxation." The decision in this last case should be confined to the peculiar language used in the various statutes therein cited, wherein, aside from the word "privilege," it may be argued that, considering all the language used in those statutes, the intention of the legislature to exempt the company named from taxation may fairly well be made out. The later cases of Pickard v. East Tennessee, V. & G. R. Co. 130 U. S. 637 [32: 1051], and Wilmington & W. R. Co. v. Alsbrook, 146 U. S. 279 [36: 972], show that there must be other language than the mere word "privilege" or other provisions in the statute removing all doubt as to the intention of the legislature before the exemption will be admitted. The case of Mobile & O. R. Co. v. Tennessee, 153 U. S. 486 [38: 793], adds nothing to the discussion on either side. The particular point was not in that case, but it seems to be cited by counsel for plaintiffs in error for the purpose of showing what was the general condition of the state at the time of the adoption of the Constitution in 1834, and what was the policy of the state in regard to internal improvements, which the Constitution declared ought to be encouraged. The incorporation of an insurance company would hardly come within the most liberal meaning of the term "internal improvements." *If this were an original question, we [183 should have no hesitation in holding that the plaintiff in error did not acquire the exemption from taxation claimed by it, and we think at the present time the weight of authority, as well as the better opinion, is in favor of the same conclusion which we should otherwise reach. Second. Concluding, as we have, that this plaintiff in error insurance company is not exempt from taxation by the language of the statutes above mentioned, we come to the consideration of the second defense interposed by its shareholders. It seems that some time in the year 1873 the shareholders or some of them were sued by the city of Memphis to collect from them certain taxes alleged to be due that city for the year 1872 upon the shares of stock held by them. By the decision of the supreme court of Tennessee the city recovered a judgment. A stipulation was then entered into between the parties to that suit, which is in the record, by which it appears that the same questions involved in that suit were fully and fairly presented in the case decided in favor of the plaintiffs, at that term of court, wherein the state of Tennessee and Shelby county were complainants, and Napoleon Hill and others, stockholders in the Memphis Fire & General Insurance Company, were defendants, and which action had been carried to the Supreme Court of the United States by writ of error for its decision of the questions, and, therefore, to save the expense of argument in the case, it was agreed by counsel for all parties that the Memphis City Case should abide by the decision of Tennessee v. Hill, which should be conclusive upon the parties to the stipulation in all things the same as though actually rendered in that case. If the decree in the Hill Case were affirmed, then this decree was to be affirmed, and if the other should be reversed, then this was to be reversed. After the signing of that stipulation, the Hill Case was duly prosecuted by writ of error and argued before the Supreme Court of the United States, where the judgment in favor of complainant was reversed and the cause remanded to the supreme court of Tennessee with directions to enter its decree therein for the defendant Hill. This was 184]done, and, in accordance *with the stipula- 135 [22:588, 500]; Embry v. Palmer, 107 U. S. [27: 346]), yet in the case of a judgment o. the former court the Constitution provides that full faith and credit shall be given it, and whether it has or has not been given it by a state court is a Federal question, while if the state court erroneously decides a question of law regarding the weight to be given one of its own judgments in its own courts and among its own citizens, that error is not subject to review by this court, because it constitutes no Federal question. tion above mentioned, a decree was thereupon 3 We think the decision of the supreme court as to the weight to be given the judgment is If it were otherwise, every decision of a state court, claimed to be erroneous, which involved the failure to give what the defeated party might claim to be the proper weight to one of its own judgments, would present a Federal question, and would be reviewable here. There is no question of contract in the case. It is wholly one of evidence as to whether or not a prior judgment in a state court operated as an estoppel against the plaintiff below, and prevented the state court from granting it the relief to which it would otherwise be entitled. In granting relief it was bound to consider the Federal question, as to whether there was or was not a contract of immunity, and that question was open to review here and we have just *reviewed it. It is, moreover, quite [186 doubtful whether the court below committed any error, even if the question were to be re not reviewable by us because it is not a Fed-garded as of a Federal nature and open to us for review. Keokuk & W. R. Co. v. Missouri, 152 U. S. 301, 314 [38:450, 456]. It is said that a suit for taxes for one year is no bar to a suit for taxes for another year; that it is not the same transaction, and the judgment in a prior action can never operate as an estoppel other than as to those matters which were in issue and controver'ed, and upon the determination of which a finding or verdict was rendered. It is not necessary in this case, however, to determine whether there was any one particular fact in issue and litigated in the first case, and which would be closed from further controversy, and which, as thus decided, would preclude a recovery in this case. We hold that the question in any event, as presented in this case, was not a Federal one. eral question. The former judgment deter mined that, as between the city and the sharebolders, the latter were not subject to pay the taxes for the years specified. In the action now under consideration we have determined that there was no immunity conferred either upon the corporation or the stockholders by the statutes cited. On the trial of this action the former judgment was offered in evidence by the shareholders, and it was held to constitute no bar to the maintenance of this action by the plaintiff, nor did it operate as an estoppel upon their right to claim taxes for subsequent years. The judgment offered in evidence was the judgment of a state court, and the refusal to accord to it all that was claimed for it in the nature of an estoppel by counsel for plaintiffs in error was, in any event, no more 185] than *a refusal to give to a judgment of one of its own courts that degree of force as evidence which it was by the general law entitled to. In no event was it anything other than error committed by the court below in regard to the general law or rule of evidence, which has nothing of a Federal question connected with it. It is entirely different from MEMPHIS CITY BANK ET AL., Piffs. in the case of a refusal of a state court to give the proper effect to a judgment of a court of These views render a discussion of any other question in the case unnecessary, and lead to an affirmance of the judgment herein. Mr. Justice White dissents. Err., V. the United States. If a state court erroneously STATE OF TENNESSEE for the Use of the CITY OF MEMPHIS, (See S. C. Reporter's ed. 186-193.) refuse to give such weight and effect to a judgment of one of the courts of the United States a Federal question arises, which is within the jurisdiction of this court to review upon writ of error to the supreme court of the state. Crescent City L. S. L. & S. H. Co. v. Butchers' Union S. H. & L. 8. L. Co. 120 U. S. 141 [30: 1. A change of the business of a company from Exemption from taxation-new charter-banking power-estoppel. 614]. Although no higher sanctity or effect can be claimed for the judgment of a Federal court than is due under the same circumstances to judgments of state courts in like cases (Dupasseur v. Rochereau, 88 U. S. 21 Wall. 130, that of insurance to that of banking under a law NOTE. As to reserved power to alter, amend, or repeal charters. see note to Greenwood v. Union Freight R. Co. 26: 961. As to when an injunction to restrain the collection |