ing relations between interstate and intrastate rates may be disturbed; Southern Pacific Co. v. Campbell, 230 U. S. 551, 57 L. Ed. 1624, 33 Sup. Ct. 1027, order of State railroad commission fixing intrastate rates is not invalid as interference with interstate commerce; Missouri Pacific Ry. Co. v. Larabee Flour Mills Co., 211 U. S. 622, 53 L. Ed. 360, 29 Sup. Ct. 214, in absence of congressional action, State may compel interstate railroad to afford equal local switching service to shippers; Capital City Light etc. Co. v. Tallahassee, 186 U. S. 411, 46 L. Ed. 1225, 22 Sup. Ct. 870 (affirming 42 Fla. 498, 28 South. 815), holding right to construct electric-light plant given by ordinance but not exercised not impaired by law authorizing city to construct plant; Lisman v. Knickerbocker Trust Co., 211 Fed. 421, 128 C. C. A. 85, railroad may purchase majority of stock of noncompeting line; McKinney v. Landon, 209 Fed. 309, 126 C. C. A. 226, foreign corporation engaged in interstate and local commerce may be adjudged guilty of violating State anti-trust laws and license to do business in State canceled; Louisville etc. R. Co. v. Hughes, 201 Fed. 736, State act of Ohio for inspection of locomotive boilers was superseded by act of Congress, as applied to railroad entering State from Kentucky to terminal in Cincinnati; Grand Trunk Ry. Co. v. Michigan Railroad Commission, 198 Fed. 1021, order of commission requiring intracity transportation of carload freight between junction, intersection, and transfer points, and delivery sidings is not interference with interstate commerce; Shepard v. Northern Pac. Ry. Co., 184 Fed. 772, acts of Minnesota reducing intrastate rates and fares directly burden interstate commerce and are invalid; Seaboard Air Line Ry. v. Blackwell, 143 Ga. 244, Ann. Cas. 1917A, 967, 84 S. E. 474, upholding provision of Code of 1910 requiring engineer to check speed at crossing as applied to train engaged in interstate commerce; Railroad Commission v. Grand Trunk etc. R. Co., 179 Ind. 260, 100 N. E. 854, act prohibiting operation of trains over railroads not equipped with block system is invalid for uncertainty, where three systems of blocking were in use; J. H. Fields & Son v. E. G. Holland & Son, 158 Ky. 550, L. R. A. 1915C, 865, 165 S. W. 701, contract between competing transfer companies engaged in carrying passengers and freight in city and vicinity, whereby one is to carry passengers exclusively and other freight, is within prohibition of section 201 of Constitution; Gleason v. Weber, 155 Ky. 434, 159 S. W. 978, under act of 1888 incorporating district of Clifton, district was authorized to enact ordinance regulating erection and alteration of buildings, and penalties imposed for its violation are enforceable; Commonwealth v. Louisville etc. R. Co., 144 Ky. 334, Ann. Cas. 1913A, 633, 138 S. W. 296, two railroad lines serving three important points in common and parallel at average distance of eight miles are within provision of Constitution prohibiting consolidation; Louisville etc. R. Co. v. Central Stockyards Co., 133 Ky. 179, 185, 187, 97 S. W. 789, 791, 792, provision of Constitution requiring interchange and switching of cars between connecting carriers in transfer and delivery of freight, is not invalid as interference with interstate commerce; Seymour v. Bank of Minnesota, 79 Minn. 223, 81 N. W. 1060, upholding Gen. Laws 1895, c. 145, revoking unused right of banks to issue bills; State v. Northern Pacific Ry. Co., 36 Mont. 587, 13 Ann. Cas. 144, 15 L. R. A. (N. S.) 134, 93 Pac. 946, act February 5, 1907, regulating time railway may require employees to work is not made ineffective by act of Congress of March 4, 1907, not to take effect till March 4, 1908; D. M. Pace Mule Co. v. Seaboard Air Line Ry. Co., 160 N. C. 229, 76 S. E. 518, holding Interstate Commerce Act does not prevent enforcement of railroad's liability for full value of goods damaged in interstate commerce, notwithstanding bill of lading valued property; Garrison v. Southern Ry. Co., 150 N. C. 591, 64 S. E. 584, Revisal 1905, section 2631, imposing penalty for carrier's refusal to receive freight for shipment as applied to shipment between intrastate points, and in absence of action by Congress or Interstate Commerce Commission is valid, though indirectly affecting interstate commerce; Goforth v. Southern Ry. Co., 144 N. C. 571, 57 S. E. 210, holding neighborhood road used as mill and church road, and to reach county seat, was within statute requiring railroads to keep crossings in safe condition, and allowing recovery for injury received at such crossing; Wilson v. Atlantic Coast Line R. Co., 142 N. C. 349, 55 S. E. 262, instruction in action for injury received at crossing that jury might infer negligence in operation of train without man on end of train as required by ordinance; State ex rel. McCue v. Northern Pac. Ry. Co., 19 N. D. 56, 25 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1001, 120 N. W. 874, State may prescribe maximum rates for transportation of commodities within State; Sioux Remedy Co. v. Cope, 28 S. D. 412, 133 N. W. 689, corporations engaged in interstate commerce may exercise corporate powers free from conditions imposed by State; Theis v. Spokane Falls Gaslight Co., 49 Wash. 489, 95 Pac. 1079, city was estopped to declare forfeiture of franchise granted to gaslight company on account of consolidation with another company subsequently organized, where franchise granted to later corporation expressly authorizes consolidation. Restrictions on consolidation of parallel or competing railroads. Right of corporations to consolidate. Note, 52 L. R. A. 370, 371, 374, 378, 380. Powers unnecessary to corporate object are, until executed, mere licenses and revocable. Approved in Louisville & N. R. R. Co. v. Kentucky, 183 U. S. 518, 46 L. Ed. 306, 22 Sup. Ct. 101, holding railroads of Kentucky are subject to Const., § 218, against long-haul preferences and cannot claim implied contract to charge reasonable rates; In re New York Electric Lines Co., 201 Ν. Υ. 333, 94 N. E. 1060, granting of permit by city to corporation to use streets for underground system of electric conductors is mere license revocable at will before some substantial part of work has been performed. Railroad's power to connect with another does not include lease or purchase of stock. Approved in Weed v. Gainesville R. R. Co., 119 Ga. 596, 46 S. E. 894, reaffirming rule; Jones v. Missouri etc. Electric Co., 135 Fed. 156, if authority to consolidate is wanting to either of constituent companies, consolidation is void; Arkansas v. Choctaw etc. R. Co., 134 Fed. 108, it must be shown that purchasing company was authorized to buy, and selling company vested with power to sell; Anglo-American Land etc. Co. v. Lombard, 132 Fed. 738, 68 C. C. A. 89, transaction beyond corporate powers of either party as invalid as if beyond corporate powers of both; Rogers v. Nashville etc. Ry. Co., 91 Fed. 316, 33 C. C. A. 517, lease ultra vires of one party is void as to both; State v. Bankers' Trust Co., 157 Mo. App. 569, 138 S. W. 673, under Revised Statutes, 1909, authorizing trust companies to buy and sell government bonds and other investment securities, purchase by domestic trust company of stock of Kansas bank is ultra vires and void, and trust company is not subject to liability imposed upon stockholders of banks by Kansas statutes. Doubts as to authority granted in charter are to be construed against corporation. Approved in Treat v. Hubbard-Elliott Copper Co., 4 Alaska, 509, authority to sell, lease, exchange, and dispose of property cannot be construed to contemplate reincorporation, and dissenting stockholder cannot be compelled to accept shares; Cleveland v. Mullin, 96 Md. 603, 54 Atl. 667, holding terms of act creating corporation are controlled by broader provisions of previous general law; Yazoo etc. R. R. Co. v. Adams, 81 Miss. 129, 32 South. 951, holding where tax exemption enjoyed by railroad was repealed before new corporation succeeded to old company's rights new company cannot claim exemption; Robotham v. Prudential Ins. Co., 64 N. J. Eq. 697, 53 Atl. 852, holding § 51 of Corporation Act empowering corporations to purchase stock in other corporations did not repeal restriction upon power of insurance companies. Surrender of legislative powers will never be presumed. Approved in Murphy v. Wheatley, 100 Md. 364, 59 Atl. 706, corporate charter is presumed to be subordinate to general law; Adams v. Yazoo etc. R. R. Co., 77 Miss. 256, 24 South. 209, charter granting "rights and privileges" possessed by former company does not include tax exemption. Contemporaneous construction of power to extend any branch road and purchase road constructed by another company cannot justify its application to competing lines. Approved in State v. Montana Ry. Co., 21 Mont. 235, 45 L. R. A. 280, 53 Рас. 627, parallel roads run in same general direction through same territory. Effect given by courts to contemporaneous practical construction of unambiguous statute. Note, 10 Ann. Cas. 53. Commerce power is not interfered with by State law prohibiting consolidation of competing lines. Approved in Louisville & N. R. R. Co. v. Kentucky, 183 U. S. 519, 46 L. Ed. 305, 22 Sup. Ct. 102, holding enforcement of State laws prohibiting greater charge for shorter haul forms no unconstitutional interference with interstate commerce; United States v. Adair, 152 Fed. 756, act of Congress of 1898 regulating relations between interstate carriers and employees is not invalid as penalizing carrier engaged in interstate commerce for discharging employee because of membership in labor union; Southern Ry. Co. v. Railroad Commission 179 Ind. 34, 38, 100 Ν. Ε. 341, 342, section of State statute requiring railroad locomotives and cars to be equipped with grabirons is not invalid as attempt to regulate interstate commerce; Purdy v. Erie R. R. Co., 162 N. Y. 49, 56 Ν. Ε. 510, upholding Laws 1895, c. 1027, requiring railroads operating within State to issue one thousand mile mileage-books. State's police power extends to prohibition of consolidation of competing lines. Approved in Wisconsin etc. R. R. Co. v. Jacobson, 179 U. S. 297, 45 L. Ed. 199, 21 Sup. Ct. 119, upholding Minn. Gen. Laws 1895, c. 91, § 3, requiring track connections at railway intersections; Piessy v. Ferguson, 163 U. S. 550, 41 L. Ed. 260, 16 Sup. Ct. 1143, upholding separate coach law; Humes v. Ft. Smith, 93 Fed. 863, 864, State may require license for business detrimental to public welfare; Bland v. People, 32 Colo. 331, 76 Pac. 362, upholding law forbidding use of docked horses; State v. Jacksonville Term. Co., 41 Fla. 407, 27 South. 235, holding § 30, article XVI, of Constitution, does not prohibit legislature from authorizing railroad commissioners to consider public convenience in the discharge of their duties; Southern Ry. Co. v. Atlanta Sand etc. Co., 135 Ga. 40, 68 S. E. 810, upholding storage rule of State railroad commission; Trust Co. of Georgia v. Georgia, 109 Ga. 479, 48 L. R. A. 520, 35 S. E. 327, holding suit may be brought in name of State for injunction against street railroads for violating State law against combination to defeat competition; People v. Chicago etc. Ry. Co., 223 Ill. 590, 79 N. E. 147, upholding law compelling railroad companies to furnish certain reports and to submit to certain examinations; State ex rel. Taylor v. Missouri Pac. Ry. Co., 76 Kan. 503, 92 Pac. 618, upholding act creating railroad commission and granting mandamus to compel railroad to obey order of commission to operate separate passenger train service within State; City of Versailles v. Kentucky Highland R. Co., 153 Ky. 86, 154 S. W. 390, holding city of fourth class may regulate operation of railroads within corporate limits under provision of statute granting such cities powers of incorporated cities; Silva v. City of Newport, 150 Ky. 785, Ann. Cas. 1914D, 613, 42 L. R. R. (N. S.) 1060, 150 S. W. 1025, upholding ordinance requiring every street-car to be provided with stool as seat for motorman; Louisville etc. R. Co. v. City of Louisville, 141 Ky. 134, 132 S. W. 186, upholding ordinance requiring extension of street across railroad tracks to connect with another street nineteen feet from track and three feet higher than tracks; McGowan v. City of New Orleans, 118 La. 433, 10 Ann. Cas. 633, 8 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1120, 43 South. 41, holding assignment of unearned part of salary by public officer is against public policy and void; Commonwealth v. Strauss, 191 Mass. 551, 78 N. E. 137, upholding law forbidding sale of goods on condition that purchaser shall not deal in goods of others; People v. Erie R. Co., 198 Ν. Υ. 376, 139 Am. St. Rep. 838, 19 Ann. Cas. 811, 29 L. R. A. (N. S.) 240, 91 N. E. 851, upholding act making it unlawful for corporation or receiver operating railroad in New York to permit telegraph or telephone operator spacing trains under block system to remain on duty for more than eight hours in twenty-four; State v. Haskell, 84 Vt. 434, 34 L. R. A. (N. S.) 286, 79 Atl. 855, upholding law of 1908, enacted for protection of fish, making it offense for owner or operator of mill to deposit sawdust or mill refuse in waters of river above certain falls; Norfolk etc. R. R. Co. v. Commonwealth, 103 Va. 294, 49 S. E. 40, holding that corporation commission had authority to fix charges for placing cars on consignees' individual track scales; Atlantic etc. Ry. Co. v. Commonwealth, 102 Va. 617, 46 S. E. 916, rules of corporation commission relating to storage, demurrage, car service and car detention charges not void because incidentally affecting interstate commerce; dissenting opinion in Northern Securities Co. v. United States, 193 U. S. 382, 383, 391, 408, 48 L. Ed. 719, 722, 729, 24 Sup. Ct. 436, majority holding combination by stockholders in two competing interstate railway companies to form stockholding corporation, contrary to Anti-trust Act of 1890; dissenting opinion in Commonwealth v. People's Express Co., 201 Mass. 578, 131 Am. St. Rep. 416, 88 N. E. 425, majority holding Statute of 1906 requiring permit to transport intoxicating liquor into or in city or town in which licenses of first five classes for sale of intoxicating liquors are not granted applies to intrastate commerce only and is valid; Cooper v. North Carolina R. Co., 140 N. C. 229, 6 Am. St. Rep. 71, 3 L. R. A. (N. S.) 391, 52 S. E. 939, arguendo. Distinguished in Northern Securities Co. v. United States, 193 U. S. 348, 48 L. Ed. 705, 24 Sup. Ct. 436, combination by stockholders in two competing interstate railway companies to form stockholding corporation, contrary to Anti-trust Act of 1890; Cleveland etc. Ry. Co. v. Illinois, 177 U. S. 517, 44 L. Ed. 870, 20 Sup. Ct. 723, holding unconstitutional Illinois Act March 21, 1874, requiring all regular passenger trains to stop at county seats; Missouri Pac. Ry. Co. v. Nebraska, 164 U. S. |