38

met with in the subscriptions of any ancient council. Of these, Tium and Heraclea lay upon the Euxine Sea, thirty-eight miles distant from each other, as Pliny informs us. Claudiopolis was at as great distance from them in the middle of the province; Baudrand" says it was above thirty miles from Heraclea. So that we may judge of Cratia, otherwise called Flaviopolis, and of Prusias, by what we have discovered of the former. All these cities are sometimes reckoned to Bithynia, because Honorias was anciently part of Bithynia, till Theodosius made a distinct province of it.

Sect. 7. and Secunda.

But after the separation was made, of Bithynia Prima Bithynia was again divided into two provinces. In the first of which Carolus a Sancto Paulo reckons fourteen dioceses. 1. Nicomedia, the metropolis. 2. Chalcedon. 3. Prusa ad Olympum. 4. Prænetum. 5. Helenopolis. 6. Basilinopolis. 7. Apollonias. 8. Hadriana. 9. Cæsarea, al. Smyrdiana. 10. Arista. 11. Patavium. 12. Dablis. 13. Neocæsarea. 14. Cius. In the other Bithynia only four. 1. Nicæa, where the famous council of Nice was held, the metropolis of this province. 2. Apamea. 3. Linoe. 4. Gordus. And the later notitia of Leo Sapiens makes but one more in both provinces, though some new names of places are inserted. Among these I observe the city of Nice had a large diocese: for several regions belonging to it are mentioned in the council of Chalcedon, in a famous dispute between the two metropolitans of Nicodemia and Nice, both laying claim to the diocese of Basilinopolis, as one of their suffragans. Anastasius, bishop of Nice, pleaded, that Basilinopolis" was once but a region belonging to Nice, as Tacteus and Doris then were, till Julian, or some other emperor, made it a city, setting up a curia or civil magistracy therein, upon which it became also a bishop's see, according to the known rule and practice of the church. So that the diocese of Nice was once so large, as to have another diocese taken out of it, and yet there remained several regions belonging to it. The like may be collected from its distance from other places. Pliny" says, it was twenty-five miles from Prusa, and Ferrarius reckons forty-four miles from Nicodemia, but sets Helenopolis, or Drepanum, in the middle way between them." Basilinopolis, by mistake, is set by Carolus a Sancto Paulo at a greater distance from it, between Nicodemia and Chalcedon; but it must be nearer, having been once a part of its diocese, as was observed before. For other places, I find little account of them in particular, save only that Strabo makes it three hundred furlongs, or thirty-seven

Plin. lib. 6. c. 1.

Baudrand, voce Claudiopolis.

40 Conc. Chalced. Act. 13. ap. Crab. p. 918. Sicut Tacteus et Doris regiones sunt sub Nicæa, sic fuit ante hoc Basilinopolis sub Nicæa, &c.

miles, from Nicodemia to the mouth of the river Sangarius, whereabout Cius stood; and Ferrarius computes sixty from Nicodemia to Chalcedon, in all which tract there were but these three dioceses, and one more, called Prænetum; so that if we had a particular account of Nicodemia and Chalcedon, we might perhaps find them to have had dioceses of as great extent as any other. But Apamea and Prusias, Baudrand" says, were but nine miles distant from one another. For these lay in the southern parts of Bithynia, and were some of the last in the Pontic civil diocese toward the Asiatic diocese, where, as I observed before, the cities were more numerous and thicker set together, and, consequently, the episcopal dioceses were generally less than in the other provinces, as will appear by taking a distinct view of them in order as they lay.

Sect. 8. Provinces in the

Asiatic diocese. Hellespontus.

In the Asiatic diocese, the first province next adjoining to Bithynia was Hellespontus, so called from the straits of the sea named Hellespont, which was its western border. It was anciently part of Mysia and Phrygia Minor, bordering on Phrygia Major eastward, and Asia to the south. In this province Carolus a Sancto Paulo has observed nineteen dioceses in the ancient councils. 1. Cyzicus, the metropolis. 2. Germa. 3. Pœmanium. 4. Occa. 5. Bares. 6. Adrianotheræ. 7. Lampsacus. 8. Abydus. 9. Dardanum. 10. Ilium. 11. Troas. 12. Melitopolis. 13. Adriana. 14. Scepsis. 15. Pionia. 16. Præconesus. 17. Ceramus. 18. Parium. 19. Thermæ Regiæ. But the last of them Holstenius thinks is mistaken for Germa, by a corrupt reading of the ancient subscriptions. The notitia of Leo Sapiens has but thirteen of these, so that five of them were sunk and united to others in the eighth century. The greatest distance, that I can find, of any of these cities, was not above twenty miles from one another. Which was the distance between Cyzicus and Parium, and Lampsacus and Abydus. But then, Dardanum was but seventy furlongs, or eight miles, from Abydus; Ilium but thirteen miles from Dardanum; Troas but twenty-seven miles from Abydus, though Pionia, Ilium, Bares, and Dardanum lay between them. So Præconnesus was but a very small island, and Pœmanium a castle once belonging to the territory of Cyzicus, as Ferrarius has noted out of Strabo, Stephanus, and other ancient writers. The two next provinces I join together, because we sometimes find them under the common name of Asia Lydiana, or Proconsularis, under which title Bishop Usher has a most accurate dissertation"

41 Plin. lib. 5. c. 32.

42 Ferrar. Lexic. voce Nicæa, et Drepanum.

43 Baudrand. Lexic. voce Apamea.

Sect. 9. Asia Lydiana, or Proconsularis.

44 Usser. Disquisitio Geographica de Asia Lydiana sive Proconsulari.

upon them, where he distinguishes the several acceptations of the name Asia, either for the greater Asia, or Asia Minor, or Asia proprie dicta; which was the Romans' first conquests in Asia, containing the provinces of Phrygia, Mysia, Caria, and Lydia; or lastly, for Asia Lydiana or Proconsularis, which was those two provinces which in Constantine's division are called distinctly Asia and Lydia, as we here now take them. In this sense we may call the former, Asia maxime proprie dicta, which is bounded on the north by the province of Hellespontus, on the east by Phrygia and Lydia, on the south by the river Mæander, which separates it from Caria, and on the west by the Egean Sea. In it Carolus a Sancto Paulo has found forty-two ancient dioceses. 1. Ephesus, the metropolis. 2. Hypæpa. 3. Trallis. 4. Magnesia ad Mæandrum. 5. Elæa. 6. Adramyttium. 7. Assus. 8. Gargara. 9. Mastaura. 10. Brullena, al. Priulla. 11. Pitane. 12. Myrrina. 13. Aureliopolis. 14. Nyssa. 15. Metropolis. 16. Valentinianopolis. 17. Aninetum. 18. Pergamus. 19. Anæa. 20. Priene. 21. Arcadiopolis. 22. Nova Aula. 23. Ægea. 24. Andera. 25. Sion. 26. Fanum Jovis. 27. Colophon. 28. Lebedus. 29. Teos. 30. Erytræ. 31. Antandrus. 32. Pepere or Perpere. 33. Cuma or Cyme. 34. Aulium, al. Aulii Come vel Vicus. 35. Naulochus. 36. Palæopolis. 37. Phocæa. 38. Bargaza, al. Baretta. 39. Thymbria. 40. Clazomenæ. 41. Magnesia. 42. Smyrna. To these Holstenius adds four more, Evaza, Areopolis, Temnus, and Argiza. And thirty-eight of these are the same that are mentioned in the notitia of Leo Sapiens, in the seventh chapter of this book. Now, this was but a very small province for so many dioceses, if we examine either the whole extent of it, or some particular dioceses therein. The extent of it in length was from Assus near Troas, to the river Mæander, or the cities Bargasa and Sion. Which was anciently the country of Ionia, Æolis, and part of Mysia, about two hundred miles in length upon the Ægean Sea. But the breadth was nothing answerable to its length, being not above fifty miles, taking one part with another. As to particular distances of places, I find some of them thus noted by Ferrarius and Baudrand. Assus in the most northern border was fifteen miles from Gargara, and thirty from Antandrus; but Anæa and Andera lay between, or near unto them. From Antandrus to Adramyttium is also reckoned thirty miles, but then Tremenothyra in Phrygia, and Nova Aula in this province, come between them. On the same shore we find Naulochus and Pitane, and then Elea, Myrina, and Cyme, whereof Myrina was but seven or eight miles from Elea, and Cyme the same distance, sixty furlongs, from Myrina. Between Pergamus and Cyme is reckoned twenty-six miles, but the fore-mentioned cities Myrina and Elea, with Aminetum and Hiero

cæsarea, lay between them. On the south of Cyme lay Phocæa, ten miles from the mouth of the river Hermus, and about the same distance from Cyme. From Phocæa to Smyrna is computed twenty-five miles, and from Smyrna to Colophon, twenty miles, but Lebedus lay in the middle way between them. Colophon and Metropolis upon the Caystrus were each of them twenty miles from Ephesus, and Ephesus seems not to have had any nearer neighbour, unless it was Priene, towards the river Mæander, from whence we may conclude, that Ephesus was the largest diocese in all this province. And by these few hints we may judge of the general extent of them.

In the other province of Lydia, Carolus a Sancto Paulo reckons twenty-six dioceses. 1. Sardis, the metropolis. 2. Philadelphia. 3. Tripolis. 4. Thyatira. 5. Septe. 6. Gordus. 7. Trallis. 8. Silandus. 9. Mæonia. 10. Fanum Apollinis. II. Mostena. 12. Apollonia. 13. Attalia. 14. Bana. 15. Balandus. 16. Hierocæsarea. 17. Acrassus. 18. Daldus. 19. Stratonicia. 20. Satala. 21. Gabala. 22. Heraclea. 23. Areopolis. 24. Hellene. 25. Sena, al. Setta. 26. Civitas Standitana. To which Holstenius adds three more, Mastaura, Cerasa, and Orcanis, or Hircani, which Tristan and Carolus a Sancto Paulo both mistake for a city some where among the Hircanians, but Holstenius shows it belonged to Asia Minor and this province of Lydia. I will not stand to examine the particular bounds and extent of dioceses throughout this province; it being sufficient to observe in general, that both it and Asia put together were not larger than the provinces of Pontus Polemoniacus and Helenopontus; and yet there were not above ten or eleven dioceses in those two provinces, whereas we have discovered in these above seventy-five, which is almost the disproportion of eight to one, and fully makes out the observation I at first made of Asia Minor, that it had some of the greatest and some of the smallest dioceses, quietly enjoying the same form of government together.

Sect. 10. Of Caria.

The next province on the south of Asia and Lydia, is Caria, bounded on the east with Lycia, and on the south and west with the Ægean Sea, having the rivers Mæander and Calbis for its inland bounds. Here Carolus a Sancto Paulo has found twenty-five dioceses. 1. Aphrodisias, the metropolis. 2. Stauropolis. 3. Cybira. 4. Heraclea Salbaci. 5. Apollonias. 6. Heraclea Latmi. 7. Tabæ. 8. Antiochia ad Mæandrum. 9. Neapolis. 10. Orthosias. 11. Harpasa. 12. Alabanda. 13. Stratonice. 14. Alinda. 15. Amyzon. 16. Jassus. 17. Bargyla. 18. Halicarnassus. 19. Larima, al. Halarima. 20. Cnidus. 21. Myndus. 22. Ceramus. 23. Anastasiopolis. 24. Erisa. 25. Miletus. The notitia of Leo Sapiens increases the number to thirty-one.

nius adds another, called Hydmautus, or Gadamautus, in the Acts of the Council of Chalcedon. But the notitia of Leo Sapiens has but fifteen.

Sect. 14. Of Pisidia.

In the next province of Pisidia, Carolus a Sancto Paulo finds twenty dioceses. 1. Antiochia, the metropolis. 2. Sagalassus. 3. Sozopolis. 4. Apamea. 5. Tityassus. 6. Baris. 7. Adrianopolis. 8. Limenopolis. 9. Laodicea Combusta. 10. Seleucia. 11. Adada. 12. Mallus. 13. Siniandus. 14. Metropolis. 15. Paralaus. 16. Bindeum. 17. Philomelium, which some place in Phrygia. 18. Prostama. 19. Gortena. 20. Theodosiopolis. The notitia of Leo Sapiens augments the number to twenty-three. I stand not to make any particular remarks upon these dioceses, because any reader that knows these two provinces, will easily imagine they are not to be compared with the other dioceses in the northern parts of Pontus.

Sect. 15.

tiana and Salutaris.

The last provinces in the Asiatic Of Phrygia Paca diocese, are those which the old Greeks and Romans called by one common name, Phrygia Major, but the Roman emperors divided it at first into two, and then into three provinces, one called Phrygia Salutaris, from the medicinal waters found there, another Phrygia Pacatiana, or, as some books read it corruptly, Capatiana, and a third, Pacatiana Secunda. In Phrygia Salutaris, Carolus a Sancto Paulo reckons up twenty dioceses. 1. Synnada, the metropolis. 2. Dorylæum. 3. Polybotus. 4. Nacolia. 5. Midaium. 6. Hipsus. 7. Prymnesia. 8. Myrum, or rather Merum. 9. Eucarpia. 10. Lysias. 11. Augustopolis. 12. Brysum. 13. Otrum. 14. Stectorium. 15. Cinnaborium. 16. Amadassa. 17. Cotyaium. 18. Præpenissus. 19. Docimæum. 20. Amorium.

In Phrygia Pacatiana Prima he recounts twentynine. 1. Laodicea, the metropolis. 2. Tiberiopolis. 3. Azana. 4. Itoana, or Bitoana. 5. Ancyra Ferrea, which Holstenius observes to be sometimes attributed to the province of Lydia adjoining. 6. Cidissus. 7. Egara, which Holstenius corrects into Aliana. 8. Pelte. 9. Apira. 10. Cadi. 11. Tranopolis vel Trajanopolis. 12. Sebasta. 13. Eumenia. 14. Temenothyræ. 15. Aliona. 16. Trapezopolis. 17. Silbium. 18. Ilusa. 19. Nea. 20. Chæretapa. 21. Colossa, now called Chone. 22. Sinaus. 23. Philippopolis. 24. Themisonium. 25. Sanis. 26. Acmonia. 27. Theodosiopolis. 28. Bleandrus. 29. Atanassus. Holstenius strikes out one of the number, for Nea is but a corruption of the Greek for Sanæa or Sanans, as he shows, but he finds out another, called Dioclia, to supply its

room.

In Pacatiana Secunda there were but five dio

46 Ferrar. Lexic. voce Colossæ.

47 Plin. lib. 5. c. 29. Celeberrima urbs Laodicea im

ceses, being by much the least of all the provinces. 1. Hierapolis, the metropolis. 2. Dionysiopolis. 3. Anastasiopolis. 4. Mosynus. 5. Attudi. But this province being of later erection, these dioceses are more commonly attributed to Phrygia Pacatiana without any distinction. Now, I observe of Phrygia in general, that some of its dioceses bordering upon Galatia were, like those of Galatia and the other Pontic provinces, of a larger extent than the rest about Hierapolis and Laodicea, which two metropolitical sees were not at a very great distance from one another. Ferrarius in one place says, but six miles; but it seems to be a typographical error, for in another place he makes Colossæ" to be between Hierapolis and Laodicea, upon the confluence of the rivers Lycus and Mæander, at twenty miles' distance from them both. So that there must be a mistake one way or other. Pliny is very exact in describing the situation of Laodicea," for he says, it stood upon the Lycus, and had its walls washed also with the Asopus and the Caprus: but yet he does not tell us how far the confluence of these rivers was from the confluence of the Lycus with the Mæander, where Colossæ stood. But it may be concluded, it was at no great distance from it, since all authors agree, that Laodicea stood near the Mæander; and these three cities, Colossæ, Hierapolis, and Laodicea, which St. Paul joins together, are said by Chrysostom, Theodoret, and others, to be very near each other. They who have opportunity to consult Antonine's Itinerary, which at present I have not, may perhaps find them more exactly described, and limited with more certain bounds than I can pretend to assign them. If the first opinion of Ferrarius be true, and agreeable to Antonine, that they lay but six miles asunder; then it will readily be concluded, that the dioceses in this part of Phrygia were comparatively very small, since by Carolus a Sancto Paulo's description, Itoana, Trapezopolis, Attudi, Mosynus, and Antioch upon the Mæander in Caria, seem not to have been at much greater distances from one another.

Sect. 16. Of leauria and Cilicia.

Beside these several provinces of the Asiatic and Pontic dioceses in Asia Minor, there were also three provinces in it which were reckoned to the eastern diocese and the patriarchate of Antioch, viz. Isauria, Cilicia Prima, and Cilicia Secunda, which must be spoken of in this place. Isauria was anciently reckoned only a part of Cilicia, but from the time of Constantine, both in the civil and ecclesiastical account, it was esteemed a distinct province. Carolus a Sancto Paulo mentions twenty-two dioceses. 1. Seleucia, the metropolis. 2. Celenderis. 3. Anemurium. 4. Lamus. 5. Antiochia ad Tragum.

posita est Lyco flumini, latera alluentibus Asopo et Capro.

6. Selinus, al. Trajanopolis. 7. Jotape. 8. Diocæsarea. 9. Philadelphia. 10. Domitiopolis. 11. 10. Domitiopolis. 11. Titopolis. 12. Hierapolis. 13. Nephelis. 14. Dalisandus. 15. Claudiopolis, al. Isaura. 16. Germanicopolis. 17. Sbide, al. Isis. 18. Cestrus. 19. Olbus. 20. Lybias. 21. Hermopolis. 22. Irenopolis. To which Holstenius adds two more, Charadra and Lauzada, which is sometimes written corruptly, Vasada and Nauzada.

In Cilicia Prima there were eight dioceses. 1. Tarsus, the metropolis. 2. Pompeiopolis. 3. Sebaste. 4. Coricus. 5. Adana. 6. Mallus. 7. Zephyrium. And, 8. Augusta, added by Holstenius, who shows it to be a distinct place from Sebaste.

In the other Cilicia there are reckoned nine. 1. Anazarbus, the metropolis. 2. Mopsuestia. 3. Æg. 4. Epiphania. 5. Irenopolis. 6. Flaviopolis. 7. Castabala. 8. Alexandria, now called Scanderon. 9. Rossus, in the confines of Syria. The greatest part of these were large dioceses, like those of Syria, as any one that computes the distance between Epiphania, Alexandria, Rossus, &c. will easily imagine.

Sect. 17.

48

Some reckon Lazica, which was Of Lazica, or Col- anciently called Colchis, an appendix chis. to Asia Minor, and therefore I mention it in this place. It is all the country on the Euxine Sea from Trabezond in Pontus to Phasis, which Strabo reckons near 200 miles. The modern notitias speak but of five dioceses, but that of Leo Sapiens in Leunclavius has fifteen. It was first made a Roman province in the time of Justinian, who mentions the cities that were in it, Petra and Justiniana; with four castles, Pitius, Sebastopolis, Archæopolis and Rhodopolis, which had anciently been in the hands of the Romans; and four other castles, Scandias, Sarapenes, Murisios, and Lusieros, which he had lately taken out of the hands of the Persians. Of these one is as ancient as the council of Nice: for Stratophilus, bishop of Ptyusium, or Pitius, subscribes there among the bishops of Pontus Polemoniacus, to which province it was then annexed, as lying in Solo Barbarico, and not constituting any other province. In the sixth general council there is mention of Petra and Phasis, the metropolis. And that is all the account we have of them in the ancient councils.

Dioscorus subscribes himself bishop of the isle of Tenedos alone: but in the second council of Ephesus, and in the council of Chalcedon, Florentius subscribes himself bishop of Lesbos and Tenedos together. Now as we must say, that Tenedos was but a small diocese by itself; for it was but 10 miles in compass, as Ferrarius computes; so when Lesbos was joined with it, it was a large one. For Pliny says, Lesbos alone had nine famous towns, and Strabo makes it 1100 stadia, or 140 miles in compass.

The other islands, called Cyclades, were divided into eleven distinct dioceses. 1. Rhodus, the metropolis. 2. Samos. 3. Chios. 4. Coos. 5. Naxus. 6. Paros. 7. Thera. 8. Delos. 9. Tenus. 10. Melos. 11. Carpathus. Now the largest of these, Rhodes, Samos, and Chios, were about 100 or 120 miles in compass, as Pliny informs us." But the lesser sort of them, Tenos and Thera, were not above 14 or 15 miles long, or 40 in compass. So that among these we find dioceses of different extent, as in the rest of Asia, but all agreeing in the same species of episcopal government; and some of them, as Lesbos, having their chorepiscopi, but none so small as to be confined to a single congregation.

And so we have gone over all the provinces of the East under the civil government of the præfectus-prætorio Orientis, except the six provinces of the Thracian diocese, which because they are European provinces, we will consider them as such among the provinces of Europe, and give them the first place in the following chapter.

CHAPTER IV.

A CONTINUATION OF THE FORMER ACCOUNT IN THE EUROPEAN PROVINCES.

Sect. 1. Of the six pro

In pursuance of the former inquiry, we are led out of Asia Minor into the vinces of Thrace. provinces of Europe, where the six And first of Scythia. provinces of the Thracian diocese, Europa, Thracia, Hæmimontis, Rhodope, Mosia Secunda, and Scythia, first offer themselves to consideration. This was all the country from Macedonia and the river Strymon to the Danube, which is now Romania and Bulgaria. A country extending from Constantinople to Sardica above 300 miles one way, and from the Ægean Sea to the Danube almost as much the other. In all these provinces the dioceses were very large. For in Scythia, the most northern province, there was but one bishopric, though there were many cities. For the bishop of Tomi was the

49 Plin. lib. 5. c. 31.