a high power photomicrograph taken. It is relatively easy to study both the number and structure of the individual chromosomes. As stated, all work is done on a double-coded system, with only the serial code number of the patient available. One is then able to circulate these photos to other investigators to confirm their results. To date, it has been well established that LSD either in the intact organism and in tissue culture will cause persistent chromosomal breakage. Figure 6 presents the patient history of a young lady who presented to our study in the seventh month of her pregnancy. She volunteered a history of LSD ingestion, all before pregnancy (an estimated total dose of 4,000 milligrams). Figures 7A and 7C shows the breakage in two or three of her chromosomes. Her child at time of birth appeared clinically normal; however, she showed the effect of breakage and in fact showed this very abnormal marker chromosome (Philadelphia chromosome) usually seen in leukemia (figs. 7B and 7D). The graph in figure 8 shows a clinical history of this patient and her pregnancy. Ten LSD trips occurred shortly before conception, and the patient came to our study at seven months. You can see the breakage at that time was very high. However, in the child the breakage after the time of delivery tended to disappear. From this and other cases we have some rather conflicting data in our studies at the present time in regards to the risk to the parent and child. It seems that the patient who takes LSD has persistent changes. However, the embryo or the offspring of the patient, if there are no severe congenital abnormalities, appears normal. We see that the genetic aberration of blood chromosomes tends to return within normal limits. We currently have no way to assay the reproductive damage to this child until we study the ovarian cells (gonads) or perhaps wait until 25 or 30 years when they start having children themselves. This is the reason we have been pushing alternate test systems in either animals or tissue culture so that we can predict in advance genetic danger before recurrent abnormalities appear to such individuals. In another case, blood specimens from a young lady who was exposed to three doses of LSD, showed numerous breakage in the chromosomes. The embryo in this case was taken by therapeutic abortion because of acute psychiatric complications. CLINICAL SUMMARY Patient: 11 19 year old white female General health: excellent Gravid:1 Expected date of confinement: 11/1/67 Exposure: Coffee: 1 cup/day Drug Use: Tea: none Cigarettes: 1 pack/day Chemicals: hairspray inhalation at work Initial January, 1967 LSD 9-10 times in January, 1967 No known drug use during pregnancy Fetal ECG, prenatal development, maternal health all normal during pregnancy Spontaneous labor with uncomplicated delivery of Physical examination of newborn: normal at birth Pediatric development: Normal to 4/1/68 Cytogenetic results: See enclosed charts FICURE |