CONTENTS

King Mithridates VI.-The results of the Social War-The tribune P.

Sulpicius Rufus, his abilities and eloquence-Sulpicius opposes Caesar

Strabo's attempt to gain the consulship illegally-Plutarch's character of

Sulpicius and his designs-The coalition of Marius and Sulpicius-The

popular assembly under the influence of Sulpicius transfer the command

in the war against Mithridates from Sulla to Marius, while Sulla was absent

at Capua-Sulla with his army marches on Rome, where his enemies are

unable to make any resistance-Sulla forces his way into the city-Sul-

picius is put to death and other leaders of his faction are declared outlaws

-The constitutional changes made by Sulla-The election of the consuls

Cn. Octavius and L. Cornelius Cinna, who is bound by a solemn oath to

be faithful to Sulla's policy-The Samnites and Lucani still in arms—The

command of the army in Italy is given to Q. Pompeius Rufus, who is

murdered by his own soldiers-Sulla leaves Italy for the war against

Mithridates-The last attempt of the confederates

CHAPTER XVIII.

C. MARIUS.

B.C. 88-86.

Livy, Epit. 77, 79, 80; Plutarch, Marius and Sulla; Appian, Civil

Wars, i. 61, &c.; Velleius, ii. 19, &c.; Plutarch, Pompeius; Dion

Cassius, Frag. 166. 172; Granius Licinianus; Orosius, v. 19; Dio-

dorus, Excerpta, 614.

The adventures of C. Marius in his flight from Rome-The quarrel of

the consuls Cinna and Octavius-Cinna is driven out of Rome, and L.

Cornelius Merula is made consul in his stead-Cinna seduces the soldiers

of Appius Claudius, who were at Capua, and advances upon Rome-The

conduct of Cn. Pompeius Strabo-C. Marius returns to Italy, lands in

Etruria, and rouses the slaves and others-He joins Cinna, and cuts off

the supplies of Rome-The Samnites are gained over by the faction of

Marius and Cinna, who promise the Samnites what Q. Caecilius Metellus

refused-The fight between the two parties under the walls of Rome-

Famine and pestilence in the city-Cn. Pompeius Strabo is killed by

lightning-The indecision of the consul Octavius-Q Caecilius Metellus

in despair leaves Rome and flies to Africa-The Senate submit and allow

Marius and Cinna to enter Rome-The consul Octavius is murdered by

the opposite faction and his head is placed in front of the Rostra-The

assassins are let loose in the city by Cinna and Marius-The murder of

the two Caesars and of P. Crassus-Marcus Antonius the orator is put to

death and his head is sent to Marius-Sulla's house is pulled down, his

property is confiscated, and his wife and children save themselves by flight
-The suicide of Merula and Catulus-The excesses committed by the

liberated slaves, whom Sertorius at last gets rid of by a general massacre-
Marius enters on his seventh consulship B.C. 86-His illness and death

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CHAPTER XIX.

DOMESTIC EVENTS.

B.C. 86.

Velleius, ii. 23; Cicero, De Legibus, ii. 16; Valerius Maximus, viii. 5. 3;
Pliny, H. N. 33. c. 3; Cicero, De Officiis, iii. 20; Plutarch, Pompeius,
c. 4; Appian, Mithridat. c. 41; Dion Cassius, 41. c. 14; Pliny, H. N.
7. c. 48.

L. Valerius Flaccus is elected consul in place of Marius-The Lex

Valeria-The restoration of the Roman denarius to the standard weight

by M. Marius Gratidianus-The proceedings against the property of Cn.

Pompeius in respect of his father's alleged peculation-The consul Flaccus

is sent to Greece to supersede Sulla and conduct the war against Mith-

ridates-The long life of the censor M. Perperna

CHAPTER XX.

MITHRIDATES VI. EUPATOR, KING OF PONTUS.

Livy, Epit. 77, 78; Appian, Mithridat. c. 1-27; Strabo, 534. 309. 654;

Polybius, v. 43; Justinus, 37. c. 2, &c., 38. c. 5; Memnon ap. Photium,

224; Diodorus, 613; Plutarch, Lucullus, c. 18; Cicero, De Imperio

Cn. Pompeii, c. 3; Plutarch, Sulla.

The limits of the dominions of Mithridates VI. Eupator―The origin of

his dynasty-The education and early youth of Mithridates-His accession

to the throne-His conquests on the north shores of the Black Sea-Mith-

ridates is said to have visited the Roman province of Asia in disguise-

He assists Socrates in expelling from Bithynia his brother king Nicomedes

III., and himself drives Ariobarzanes II. out of Cappadocia-Manius

Aquillius and other Roman commissioners are sent who replace the two

kings on their thrones, and then urge them to invade the dominions of

Mithridates-Nicomedes plunders the territory of Mithridates, who sends

his general Pelopidas to remonstrate with the commissioners-The nego-

tiations between Pelopidas and the commissioners, who finally prepare for

war-The great battle on the Amnias in which Mithridates defeats

Nicomedes and his Roman allies-Aquillius is defeated and makes his

escape to Pergamum-Mithridates enters the Roman province of Asia,

where he is gladly received by the people-Aquillius is seized by the king

and put to a cruel death-The story of Monime whom Mithridates takes

to wife-The great massacre of the Romans and Italians in the province

Asia by the order of the king-The siege of Rhodus begun by Mithridates-

The naval power of the Rhodians and their maritime code-The resistance

of the Rhodians by land and by sea-
ea-Description of the great military

engine named Sambuca-Mithridates withdraws from the siege of Rhodus

and retires to Pergamum

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256

CHAPTER XXI.

SULLA IN GREECE.

B.C. 87.

Livy, Epit. 78. 81; Appian, Mithridat. c. 27-45; Plutarch, Sulla;
Athenaeus, v. p. 211; Pausanias, i. 20, 4. ix. 30, 1; and 40,7; Thucy-
dides, i. 93, 107; Granius Licinianus; Leake, Travels in Northern
Greece, vol. ii.

Mithridates sends Archelaus with an army into Greece-The pillage of

Delos-The story of Aristion who makes himself tyrant of Athens-

Bruttius Sura, the legatus of C. Sentius the governor of Macedonia, is sent

against Archelaus-L. Licinius Lucullus, a legatus of Sulla, gives Sura

notice to make room for Sulla, who crosses from Brundisium to the oppo-

site coast-Sulla advances into Attica, and commences the siege of Athens,

and the siege of the Piraeus in which Archelaus had shut himself up-The

walls of the Piraeus and the Long Walls-Sulla occupies Eleusis and

Megara-Sulla takes the precious metals from some of the Greek temples

and coins money in the Peloponnesus-He corrupts his soldiers-The siege

of the Piraeus still continues, and Sulla forms a camp at Eleusis-He

sends Lucullus to Egypt and Syria to get ships-Continuance of the

operations against the Piraeus-Famine in Athens-The capture of Athens

on the first of March B.C. 86-The capture of the Acropolis and the death

of Aristion-Archelaus retires from the Piraeus into the Munychia, and

puts his men in ships and lands them in Boeotia-Taxiles is sent by Mith-

ridates into Greece with fresh troops and summons Archelaus to join him—

Sulla quits Attica and enters Boeotia-He is joined by L. Hortensius-

The position occupied by Sulla and Hortensius, and by the troops of

Mithridates-Chaeroneia narrowly escapes being seized by Archelaus—

The barbarians are driven from the heights above Chaeroneia-The great

battle in the plain of Chaeroneia and the victory of Sulla-The trophies

of Sulla-He shows his piety at the cost of other people.

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276

CHAPTER XXII.

SULLA AND MITHRIDATES.

B.C. 86-84.

Livy, Epit. 82, 83; Appian, Mithridat. c. 46-63; Plutarch, Sulla;
Granius Licinianus; Frontinus, Strat. ii. 3. 17; iii. 17. 5; Plutarch,
Lucullus.

Mithridates seizes the tetrarchs of Galatia, and punishes the people of
Chios-Some of the Asiatic towns revolt against the King, who treats the
insurgents severely-Mithridates sends another army into Greece to aid

Archelaus--Sulla defeats the King's troops at Orchomenus-The descrip-

tion of the battle by Frontinus-The interview between Sulla and Arche-

laus-The terms of peace on which they agree-Sulla's friendly behaviour

to Archelaus, who goes to Mithridates to persuade him to accept the ter ns

of peace-The consul Valerius Flaccus reaches Byzantium, where his mea

mutiny-He escapes into Asia where he is murdered by Fimbria, vho

takes the command of the army-Fimbria defeats Mithridates who makes

his escape to Mitylene-Fimbria takes Ilium and treats the inhabitants

in a cruel manner-Sulla at this time is in Macedonia-The adventures of

Lucullus, who collects a fleet-He refuses to co-operate with Fimbria -

Sulla crosses the Hellespont and peace is made with Mithridates-Sulla

advances against Fimbria, who kills himself, and his men join Sulla-The

settlement of the affairs of Asia by Sulla, who levies large contributions

on the province-The Aegean is infested by pirates who had been en-

couraged by Mithridates-The administrative divisions of the province

Asia

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299

CHAPTER XXIII.

SULLA IN ITALY.

B.C. 84-83.

Livy, Epit. 84, 85; Strabo, p. 609; Appian, Civil Wars, i. 76, &c.;
Plutarch, Sulla, Crassus and Pompeius; Velleius, ii. 24, &c.

Sulla sails from Ephesus to the Piraeus-The story about the writings

of Aristotle, which Sulla carries to Rome-The consuls Carbo and Cinna

make preparations to resist Sulla-Sulla's letter to the Roman Senate-

Commissioners are sent to Sulla-Cinna is murdered by his own soldiers-

Sulla's answer to the commissioners-He sends his forces to Patrae and

thence to the parts of the mainland opposite to Brundisium-Sulla visits

the warm springs of Aedepsus in Euboea-He lands with his fleet at

Brundisium-Remarks on the port of Brindisi-Scipio and Norbanus are

elected consuls for the year B.C. 83-The adventures of P. Licinius Crassus

in Spain-He joins Sulla with a force which he had raised-Q. Metellus

Pius also joins Sulla in South Italy-Cn. Pompeius the son of Strabo

raises troops in Picenum with the intention of joining Sulla

320

CHAPTER XXIV.

THE CIVIL WAR.

B.C. 83-82.

Livy, Epit. 85, 86, 87, 88; Appian, Civil Wars, i. 81, &c.; Plutarch,

Sulla, and Pompeius; Cicero, In Verrem, Act. ii. 1. c. 13, &c., and

c. 27; Orosius, v. 20, 21.

a

CONTENTS.

Sulla sends commissioners to Norbanus about peace-He defeats Nor-

banus-Sulla's gratitude to Diana-The Roman Capitol is burnt and the

Sibylline books in it-Sulla seduces the army of the consul Scipio who falls

into his hands-Sulla advances northward, and is joined by Cethegus, a

partisan of Marius-Sertorius takes no active part in the campaign-The

operations of Cn. Pompeius before he joined Sulla-Cn. Papirius Carbo

and C. Marius, the younger, are the consuls of B.C. 82-The tragical end

of C. Fabius Hadrianus, the Roman governor of Africa-L. Philippus, a

legatus of Sulla, gets possession of the island Sardinia-Sulla enters

into negotiations with the Italian states-He gets possession of Setia and

defeats Marius at Sacriportus-Marius is besieged in Praeneste by Ofella-

The massacres in Rome by the Marian party-The murder of the Pontifex

Scaevola-Sulla enters Rome, and then advances into Etruria against

Carbo-Metellus with a fleet occupies the country about Ravenna—The

defeat of Carrinas by Pompeius and Crassus-Unsuccessful attempt of

Carbo to relieve Praeneste-Attempt made to relieve Praeneste by the

Lucani and Samnites, who were on the side of the Marian faction-The

defeat of Carbo and Norbanus by Metellus at Faventia-P. Tullius Albi-

novanus of the Marian faction murders some of his brother officers and

makes his peace with Sulla-Norbanus escapes to Rhodes, where he kills

himself-Carbo leaves Italy and flies to Africa-Carrinas, Censorinus and

Damasippus march upon Rome; and the Samnites and Southern Italians

also advance upon the city-The battle between Sulla and his enemies

before the Colline gate-The great slaughter; and final victory of Sulla,

who massacres his prisoners-Praeneste surrenders-The death of C.

Marius, and massacre of the Samnites and Praenestines-The capture

and destruction of Norba-Sulla puts garrisons in the suspected towns

and rewards his partisans-Cn. Pompeius is sent to clear Sicily of the

Marian party-Carbo is seized and brought to Pompeius who puts him to
death

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333

CHAPTER XXV.

SULLA, DICTATOR.

B.C. 82-81.

Livy, Epit. 89; Appian, Civil Wars, i. 95, &c.; Plutarch, Sulla and Pom-
peius; Lucan, Pharsalia, ii. 175; Q. Cicero, De Petitione Consulatus ;
Cicero, Pro A. Cluentio Habito, c. 7; Appian, Mithridat. 64—66.
Sulla's character-He determines to punish his enemies-Sulla's pro-
scription lists-The proscribed are murdered, and their property is sold-
The cruel death of M. Marius Gratidianus-The charge against L. Catilina
---Sulla's men receive lands, houses and money-The story of M. Aurius,
who was made prisoner at Asculum-The final reduction of Nola, and the
death of Papius Mutilus-The submission of Volaterrae to Sulla--The for-