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sentiment of individuality peculiar to the barbarians
The germs
of civilization have been the necessity for order, the recollections
of the Roman empire, the Christian church, and the barbarians-At-
tempts at organization by the barbarians, by the towns, by the church
of Spain, by Charlemagne, and Alfred-The German and Arabian inva-
sions cease-The feudal system begins
FOURTH LECTURE.
P. 44
Object of the lecture-Necessary alliance between facts and doctrines-
Preponderance of the country over the towns-Organization of a small
feudal society-Influence of feudalism upon the character of the possessor
of the fief, and upon the spirit of family-Hatred of the people towards the
feudal system-The priest could do little for the serfs-Impossibility of
regularly organizing feudalism: 1. No powerful authority; 2. No public
power; 3. Difficulty of the federative system-The idea of the right of
resistance inherent in feudalism-Influence of feudalism favourable to
the development of the individual, unfavourable to social order
FIFTH LECTURE.
p. 63
Object of the lecture-Religion is a principle of association-Constraint
is not of the essence of government-Conditions of the legitimacy of a
government: 1. The power must be in the hands of the most worthy;
2. The liberty of the governed must be respected-The church being
a corporation, and not a caste, fulfilled the first of these conditions-Of
the various methods of nomination and election that existed therein-It
wanted the other condition, on account of the illegitimate extension of
authority, and on account of the abusive employment of force-Move-
ment and liberty of spirit in the bosom of the church-Relations of the
church with princes-The independence of spiritual power laid down as
a principle-Pretensions and efforts of the church to usurp the tem-
poral power p 84
SIXTH LECTURE.
Object of the lecture-Separation of the governing and the governed party
in the church-Indirect influence of the laity upon the clergy-The
clergy recruited from all conditions of society-Influence of the church
upon the public order and upon legislation-The penitential system-
The development of the human mind is entirely theological-The church
usually ranges itself on the side of power-Not to be wondered at; the
aim of religions is to regulate human liberty-Different states of the
church, from the fifth to the twelfth century-1st. The imperial church
-2nd. The barbaric church; development of the separating principle
of the two powers; the monastic order-3rd. The feudal church; at-
tempts at organization; want of reform; Gregory VII.-The theocratical
church-Regeneration of the spirit of inquiry; Abailard-Movement
of the boroughs-No connexion between these two facts
P. 104
SEVENTH LECTURE.
Object of the lecture-Comparative picture of the state of the boroughs at
the twelfth and the eighteenth century-Double question-1st. The
enfranchisement of the boroughs-State of the towns from the fifth to
the tenth century-Their decay and regeneration-Communal insurrec-
tion-Charters-Social and moral effects of the enfranchisement of the
boroughs-2nd. Internal government of the boroughs-Assemblies of
the people-Magistrates-High and low burghership-Diversity of the
state of the boroughs in the different countries of Furope
EIGHTH LECTURE.
p. 125
Object of the lecture-Glance at the general history of European civiliza-
tion-Its distinctive and fundamental character-Epoch at which that
character began to appear-State of Europe from the twelfth to the
sixteenth century-Character of the crusades-Their moral and social
causes-These causes no longer existed at the end of the thirteenth
century-Effects of the crusades upon civilization
NINTH LECTURE.
p. 145
Object of the lecture-Important part taken by royalty in the history of
Europe, and in the history of the world-True causes of this importance
-Two-fold point of view under which the institution of royalty should
be considered-1st. Its true and permanent nature-It is the personifi-
cation of the sovereignty of right—-With what limits-2nd. Its flexibility
and diversity-European royalty seems to be the result of various kinds
of royalty Of barbarian royalty-Of imperial royalty—Of religious
royalty Of feudal royalty-Of modern royalty, properly so called, and
of its true character
TENTH LECTURE.
p. 161
Object of the lecture-Attempts to reconcile the various social elements of
modern Europe, and to make them live and act in common, in one so-
ciety, and under one central power-1st. Attempt at theocratical organi-
zation-Why it failed-Four principal obstacles-Faults of Gregory VII,
-Reaction against the domination of the church-On the part of the
people-On the part of the sovereigns-2nd. Attempt at republican
organization-Italian republics-Their defects-Towns in the south of
France-Crusade of the Albigenses-Swiss confederation-Ecroughs of
Flanders and the Rhine Hanseatic league - Struggle between the
feudal nobility and the boroughs-3rd. Attempt at a mixed organization
- States-general of France Cortes of Spain and Portugal - English
parliament-Peculiar state of Germany-Ill success of all their attempts
-From what causes-General tendency of Europe
-
p. 177
ELEVENTH LECTURE.
Object of the lecture-Special character of the fifteenth century-Progres
sive centralization of nations and governments-1st. Of France-For-
mation of the national French spirit-Government of Louis XI.—2nd.
Of Spain-3rd. Of Germany-4th. Of England-5th. Of Italy-Origin
of the external relations of states and of diplomacy-Movement in re-
ligious ideas-Attempt at aristocratical reform-Council of Constance
and Basie-Attempt at popular reform-John Huss-Regeneration of
literature-Admiration for antiquity-Classical school, or free-thinkers
-General activity-Voyages, discoveries, inventions Conclusion.
TWELFTH LECTURE
p. 195
Object of the lecture-Difficulty of distinguishing general facts in modern
history-Picture of Europe in the sixteenth century-Danger of preci-
pitate generalization-Various causes assigned to the Reformation-Its
dominant character was the insurrection of the human mind against ab
solute power in the intellectual order-Evidences of this fact-Fate of
the Reformation in different countries-Weak side of the Reformation-
The Jesuits-Analogy between the revolutions of religious society
and those of civil society
THIRTEENTH LECTURE.
p. 213
Object of the lecture-General character of the English revolution-Its
principal causes--It was more political than religious-The three great
parties in it: 1. The party of legal reform; 2. The party of the poli-
tical revolution; 3. The party of the social revolution-They all fail
-Cromwell-The restoration of the Stuarts-The legal ministry-The
profligate ministry-The revolution of 1688 in England and Europe.
FOURTEENTH LECTURE.
p. 230
Object of the lecture-Difference and likeness between the progress of civi-
lization in England and on the Continent-Preponderance of France in
Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries-In the seventeenth
century by reason of the French government-In the eighteenth by
reason of the country itself-Of the government of Louis XIV. Of his
wars-Of his diplomacy-Of his administration-Of his legislation—
Causes of his rapid decline-Of France in the eighteenth century—
Essential characteristics of the philosophical revolution-Conclusion of
the course
p. 248
HISTORY OF CIVILIZATION IN FRANCE.
FIRST LECTURE.
Object of the course-Two methods of studying in detail the history of
European civilization-Reasons for preferring the study of the history
of the civilization of a particular country-Reasons for studying that
of France-Of the essential facts which constitute the perfection of
civilization - Comparison of the great European nations under this
point of view of civilization in England-Germany-Italy-Spain-
France French civilization is the most complete, and offers the most
faithful representation of civilization in general-That the student has
other things to bear in mind besides the mere study-Of the present
prevailing tendencies in the intellectual order - Of the prevailing
tendencies in the social order-Two problems resulting therefrom-
Their apparent contradiction-Our times are called upon to solve them
—A third and purely moral problem, rendered equally important by the
present state of civilization-The unjust reproaches of which it is the
object-The necessity of meeting them-All science, in the present
day, exerts a social influence-All power should tend to the moral per-
fection of the individual, as well as to the improvement of society in
general
p. 269
SECOND LECTURE.
Necessity of reading a general history of France before we study that of
civilization - M. de Sismondi's work-Why we should study the
political state of a country before its moral state, the history of society
before that of man--The social state of Gaul in the 5th century-Original
monuments and modern works descriptive of that subject-Difference
between the civil and religious society of that period-Imperial govern
ment of Gaul-The provincial governors-Their official establishments
-Their salaries-Benefits and defects of the administration-Fall of
the Roman empire--Gaulish society: 1. The senators; 2. The curiales;
3. The people; 4. The slaves Public relations of these various
classes-Decline and helplessness of Gaulish civil society-Causes of
this The people attach themselves to the religious community p. 289
THIRD LECTURE.
Object of the Lecture-Variety of the principles and forms of religiou.
society in Europe-Classification of the different systems, 1. According
to the relations of the church in the state; 2. According to the internal
constitution of the church-All these systems assign their origin to the
primitive church-Critical examination of these pretensions-They have
all a certain degree of foundation-Fluctuation and complexity of the ex-
ternal situation and internal position of Christian society from the first
to the fifth century-Predominant tendencies-Prevalent facts of the
fifth century-Causes of liberty in the church at this period-The
election of bishops-Councils-Comparison of religious with civil
society-Of the chiefs of these two societies-Letters of Sidonius
Apollinaris
p. 316
Object of the lecture-What must be understood by the moral state of a
society-Reciprocal influence of the social state upon the moral state,
and of the moral state upon the social state-At the fourth century, civil
Gaulish society alone possessed institutions favourable to intellectual de-
velopment-Gaulish schools-Legal situation of the professors-Reli-
gious society has no other mediums of development and influence than
its ideas-Still one languishes and the other prospers-Decline of the
civil schools-Activity of the Christian society-Saint Jerome, Saint
Augustin, and Saint Paulin of Nola-Their correspondence with Gaul-
Foundation and character of monasteries in Gaul-Causes of the differ-
ence of the moral state of the two societies-Comparative view of the
civil literature and the Christian literature in the fourth and fifth cen-
turies-Inequality of the liberty of mind in the two societies-Necessity
for religion lending its aid to studies and letters
p. 346
Of the principal questions debated in Gaul in the fifth century-Of Pela-
gianism Of the method to follow in its history-Of the moral facts
which gave place to this controversy: 1st, of human liberty; 2nd, of the
impotency of liberty, and the necessity for an external succour; 3rd, of
the influence of external circumstances upon liberty; 4th, of the moral
changes which happen in the soul without man attributing them to his
will-Of the questions which naturally arose from these facts-Of the
special point of view under which we should consider them in the
Christian church in the fifth century-History of Pelagianism at Rome
in Africa, in the East, and in Gaul-Pelagius-Celestius-Saint Au
gustin History of semi-Pelagianism - Cassienus - Faustus Sain
Prosper of Aquitaine- Of predestination-Influence and general resu
of this controversy
p. 30