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mises, commands, or threatens; as-They shall be paid; Thou shalt not steal; Thou shalt not be pardoned.

Will, in the first person, intimates resolution and promise; as-I will not allow it; I will reward him: will, in the second and third persons, generally foretells or affirms; as-He will be well; Thou wilt be happy; He will not perform his work.

(3) Will, used interrogatively, in the second and third persons, generally implies resolution or expectation ; as-Will you permit me to go? Will he return?

Shall, used interrogatively in the first and third persons, intimates duty or obligation; as-Shall I go? Shall he go ?

(4) Shall, in the second person, and will in the first person, when used interrogatively, are incorrect; asWill I go ? Shall you go ? Both are sometimes used,

but never with propriety.

I shall do it, implies a sense of duty or obligation; 1 will do it, implies choice or determination.

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This is not all:-Patroclus on the shore

Now pale and dead,

Myself and my bold brother sustain

The shock of Hector and his charging train.

succour Greece no more.

DERIVATION.

(1) DERIVATION teaches the origin and primary signification of words.* Words are derived from one another in many ways::-

I. Nouns are derived from nouns; as-baroness from baron; widowhood from widow; partnership from partner; foolery from fool; kingdom from king; physician from physic; hillock from hill.

(2) II. Nouns are derived from adjectives; asmildness from mild; freedom from free; refulgence from refulgent (by changing nt into nce).

III. Nouns are derived from verbs; as-equipage from equip; instruction from instruct; reaper from reap.

(3) IV. Adjectives are derived from nouns; asangelic from angel; healthy from health; golden from gold; peaceful from peace; sensible from sense; motionless from motion; childish from child.

V. Adjectives are derived from adjectives and verbs; as-whitish from white; greenish from green; corrective from to correct; answerable from to answer.

(4) VI. Verbs are derived from nouns; as-habituate from habit; breathe from breath.

as-widen

VII. Verbs are derived from adjectives; asfrom wide; soften from soft.

VIII. Adverbs are derived from adjectives and participles; as-sweetly from sweet; mincingly from mincing.

* See School Expositor, Third Reading Book, or Literary Class Book, for Saxon, English, Latin, and Greek prefixes, affixes, and roots of words.

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SYNTAX.

(1) SYNTAX treats of the connexion of words; and includes the nature and structure, as well as the arrangement and punctuation, of sentences.

A SENTENCE is any number of words connected together, so as to make complete sense.

Every sentence must consist of two principal parts,— the Subject and Predicate.

(2) The SUBJECT expresses the person or thing spoken of; the PREDICATE declares something of the subject.+

Sentences are of three kinds,--Simple, Complex, and Compound.

A SIMPLE sentence contains one nominative case and one verb;(a) or consists of one subject and one predicate,

(3) A COMPLEX sentence consists of two or more subjects with one predicate ;(b) two or more predicates with one subject;(c) or two or more subjects with two ΟΙ more predicates.(d)

* Syntax is derived from (G.) sun, or syn, together, and taxis, (from tasso, I put or arrange,) order, arrangement.

The subject and predicate may each consist of one or more words; as

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(a) Life is uncertain.

EXAMPLES.

(b) Science and literature should be cultivated.

(c) Pharaoh assembled his troops, put himself at their head, and marched in pursuit of the Israelites.

(d) The lever and wheel and axle, are mechanical powers, and modifications of the same principle.

A COMPOUND sentence is formed of simple(a) or of complex(b) sentences, or of a mixture(c) of both.

Sentences are Affirmative, (d) Interrogative, (e) Negative, (f) or Imperative.(g)

(4) Every sentence which forms a part of a compound sentence is called a clause, Two or more clauses form a member.

An IDIOM is a form of speech peculiar to a language, and cannot be literally translated into any other language.

That part of Syntax which treats of the agreement of words with each other in gender, number, person, and case, is called CONCORD.

(1) GOVERNMENT is the power which one word has over another in directing its mood, tense, and case.

The parts of speech which agree with one another are,—the noun with the pronoun and adjective; (h) and the verb with its nominative case. (i)

The parts of speech which govern others are,-the verb,(j) participle,(k) and preposition.(l)

(a) Moses stretches his rod over the sea, and a passage is opened to the Israelites.

(b) In Nubia, every town and large village has its chief, who exercises to the utmost whatever power or authority he possesses. (c) The ruins of Thebes and Tentyra are very extensive, and surpass all others in Egypt.

(d) All human comfort is vain and transient.

(e) What hath pride profited us? or what advantage hath the boasting of riches brought us?

(f) Galileo was never condemned, nor persecuted, nor even arraigned, on account of his astronomical opinions.

(g) Let curiosities alone. Remember thy last end.

(h) This book-these books; one boy-two boys.

(i) He learns-we learn; this man is he of whom I spoke. (j) I taught him. (k) Knowing him. (1) He gave it to me.

RULES OF SYNTAX.

SUBJECT AND VERB.

RULE 1.

(2) The verb and its nominative case must always be of the same number and person.*

1. When the nominative case denotes but one object, the verb is singular.

EXAMPLES.

much.

The tongue of the slanderer | man believes he always gives tou is a devouring fire that withers all it touches.

Base interest opposes brother to brother, and friend to friend. Old age hardens the infidel in sin.

Touch is the universal sense of animals.

Time is regulated by the motions of the heavenly bodies.

The liberal man never thinks he gives enough: the avaricious

Oil floats in water, but

in alcohol.

When I stir my finger I do not know how what I do myself is done.

A mixture of tin, zinc, and lead, melts in boiling water.

Explosion of gunpowder is repulsion among the particles when assuming the form of air.

The strength of spirit is proportioned to its lightness.

EXERCISES.

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I saw thee stray forlorn, and

thee faintly cry,

And on the tree of scorn, for thee I deigned to die.

* As the number and person of the verb are derived from the nominative case, these are the only properties common to both, and, consequently, those ich they can agree.

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