(1) Active verbs govern the objective case.

I. When active transitive verbs are followed by nouns of like signification, they govern these nouns in the objective case. *

EXAMPLES.

The sinner at first loses his morals, and then, too often, his faith. Paganism has infested all our free-will, only to glorify literature.

tion, but rest promotes regularity in the shape of the crystals. Man has received reason and

We love the truth when it shows itself; we hate it when it

shows us to ourselves.

Motion promotes crystalliza

Giver.

the

I. He lived a virtuous life, and died the death of the just.

He fought a good fight, and finished his course.

* Verbs meaning to ask, allow, lend, pay, teach, promise, offer, give, tell, send, and a few others when used in the active form, are generally followed by a pronoun and a noun, or two nouns, either of which may become the object of the verb; as-I taught him grammar; We paid him wages; He offered us pardon. In each of these examples, the pronoun is governed by a preposition understood, the noun being the direct object of the verb. But if we use such sentences without reference to the noun; as-I taught him; We paid him; He pardoned us; it is evident the pronoun, or its substitute, is the direct object of the verb.

When these verbs are used in the passive form, a noun, or a pronoun, may also become the nominative to the verb. In the sentence "He was taught by me," he is the true nominative to the verb was taught, as no allusion is made to the subject in which he was instructed. But when that subject is introduced; as-He was taught grammar by me; then grammar, not he, is the direct nominative case to the verb; and the sentence should run thus,-Grammar was taught to him by me. The active form of this would be-I taught to him grammar. The objective case of the pronoun in both these forms should remain unchanged, as it is not affected in meaning or construction, by any transposition the sentence undergoes. The same remarks will apply to sentences of a similar nature.

(2) Participles of active verbs govern the objective

I. The present participle preceded by the and followed by of, or when preceded by a noun or pronoun in the possessive case, becomes a substantive.*

EXAMPLES.

*The article the and the preposition of, must be both used or both omitted.

EXERCISES.

-9

Wedges are used for smasses of timber or stone. The shoulder-joint is remarkable for c-9 great extent of motion, with great strength. Chimneys quicken the ascent of hot-air by k-g a long column of it together.

In rg the Cape of Good Hope, waves are met so vast, that a few ridges and a few depressions occupy the extent of a mile.

The f

-g of an arrow acts, in part, on the principle of the windmill.

The b-g of light renders precaution necessary in making very nice geometrical observations.

The s -g off four thousand impressions per hour by the TIMES' printing machine, is a work of great celerity.

Great safety and convenience have been secured by the b

No fish moves with a velocity-gof a suspension bridge across twenty miles an hour. the Menai Straits in Wales.

RULE 20,

(3) When a verb is followed by another verb in the infinitive mood, the former governs the latter.

I. The word to is omitted before verbs in the infinitive mood which follow, bid, dare, need, make, see, hear, feel, let, have, &c,*

(4) II. The infinitive mood in different cases, supplies the place of a noun.

III. The infinitive mood, or part of a sentence, is often the subject of an affirmation, or the object of an active verb.

(1) IV. The infinitive mood is frequently governed by an adjective, a noun, a pronoun, an adverb, or a participle.

V. The present tense of the infinitive mood must be used after the imperfect tense of other moods.

* The passive form of these verbs offers an exception to this rule; as-He was made to obey the law.

(2) VI. The infinitive mood is sometimes used absolutely or independently.

VII. The present participle is also sometimes used absolutely.

EXAMPLES.

Both heat and cold are known to produce expansion in bodies. You labour to acquire a great name among men.

On the death of Domitian, Nerva, a native of Crete, was chosen to govern the Roman empire.

The fat of vipers is thought to be an excellent remedy against their bite.

A solid covering like the skull was required to defend the brain. A flake of snow viewed in the microscope, is seen to be as symmetrically formed as a swan's feather.

The love of honour makes us contemptible.

To imagine we know what we know not, is direct folly.

To desire to pass for knowing that of which we are ignorant, is intolerable vanity.

To be too fond of conversation is a mark of sloth and idleness.

The virtuous love to instruct the ignorant and console the afflicted.

Endeavour to persevere in the blessed enterprise of a devout life. To speak little is not to be so understood as that we should utter but few words, but that we should

I. He dares not disobey the not speak many that are unpro

commands of his parents.

We need but desire virtue and

we possess it.

fitable.

IV. We are unwilling to be found guilty, because we are We make one powerful steam-unwilling to be punished. engine do the work of a hundred horses.

II. To steal is sinful.
To exercise promotes health.
Boys love to play.

No one likes to be coerced.
To obey is to serve.

To pray is an indispensable duty.

III. To give every one his own is just.

To persecute for religion is unjust and impious.

To instruct the ignorant is the duty of the learned.

Do not confine yourself to the knowledge of religion: be also careful to practise it.

The Georgium-Sidus requires eighty-two years to perform one revolution round the sun.

Great heat would cause the whole material universe to dis

appear.

John commands him to instruct me.

He taught them to deny themselves.

V. The vain pharisee judged the humble publican to be a great sinner.

Cato killed himself to avoid appearing before his enemy. VI. To tell you the truth, I cannot answer your question. To acknowledge his guilt, exhorted him in vain.

I

VII. Properly speaking, I should not have said so.

Acting correctly, he should not have gone there.

EXERCISES.

A very slight declivity suffices | conduct of others, and careless the running motion to in correcting his own.

(3) The verb To Be, through all its variations, has the same case after it, that it has before it.*

I. Some neuter verbs, and passive verbs which signify naming, are followed by a nominative case.

*The noun or part of a sentence, (for either may constitute this case) which follows the verb To be, must be identical with that which precedes it; both must consequently be in the same case. There are, however, some sentences in which the word that follows the verb is not identical with that which precedes it, and therefore cannot be parsed as if they were synonymous. Sentences of this nature are like the following: The tree is six feet long; The river is twenty yards wide; The book is worth a shilling. Here tree and feet, river