manian delegates who met representatives of Austria-Hungary in Vienna in the winter of 1886-'87 proposed that inspection at the frontier should be abolished, and that herds consigned to Austria-Hungary should be examined only in the districts where the existence of disease was reasonably suspected. In the subsequent conferences the Roumanian Government modified its demand that the Roumanian cattle import should be admitted without quarantine, but insisted that it should be subjected only to the rules that are applied to the imports of Switzerland, Italy, and other treaty powers. An arrangement was about to be concluded on this basis, when the Hungarian Minister of Agriculture introduced conditions that were inconsistent with it, and inacceptable to the Roumanians, viz., that the Hungarian frontier should be closed to Roumanian cattle whenever Germany should prohibit the importation of cattle from Austria-Hungary, and that all cattle coming from Roumania should undergo a five days' quarantine at Steinbruch, near Buda-Pesth.

Austria. The Austrian Parliament, called the Reichsrath, consists of two chambers-a House of Lords and a House of Deputies. The upper chamber was composed in 1886 of 13 princes of the blood royal, 53 hereditary peers, 10 archbishops, and 7 prince-bishops, and 105 lifemembers. The representative chamber consists of 353 members, elected partly directly and partly indirectly by all citizens of the age of twenty-four years or over possessed of a low property qualification. Important legislative powers are exercised by the Provincial Diets, seventeen in number, each of which consists of but one chamber composed of the heads of the Roman and Greek Churches, and chancellors of universities, and of representatives of land-owners, municipalities, boards of commerce, guilds, and of rural communes, the latter being voted for indirectly by all tax-payers. The head of the Austrian Cabinet is Count Edward Taafe, who, though his ancestors have lived in Austria for several generations, is an Irish nobleman, and a peer of the United Kingdom. He was appointed Minister of the Interior and President of the Council on Aug. 19, 1879. The Minister of Public Instruction and Ecclesiastical Affairs is Dr. Paul Gautsch von Frankenthurn, appointed Nov. 6, 1885; the Minister of Finance, Dr. J. Dunajewski; the Minister of Agriculture, Count Julius Falkenhayn; the Minister of Commerce and National Economy, Marquis von Becquehem; the Minister of National Defense, Maj.-Gen. Count S. von Welsersheimb; the Minister of Justice, A. Prazak. F. Ziemialkowski has a seat in the Council, but holds no portfolio.

Revenue and Expenditure. The budget estimates for the year ending March 31, 1887, make the total receipts of the treasury 507,833,841 florins, and the expenditures 516,625,771 florins. The ordinary receipts are estimated at 491,927,345, and the ordinary ex

penditures at 470,059,347 florins. The indirect taxes, viz.: a land-tax, a house-tax, a tax on industrial establishments, and an income-tax, produce 99,052,000 florins of revenue. The yield of customs is 47,243,417, of excise duties 84,484,900, of the salt-tax 20,444,000, of the tobacco-tax 74,002,800, of stamp-duties 17,800,000, of judicial fees 33,650,000, of the state lottery 20,224,000 florins, the total product of indirect taxation being 301,794,417 florins. The posts and telegraphs produce 27,299,050, and the railroads 47,171,917 florins. The chief items of expenditure are 117,975,054 florins for the service of the public debt, 93,573,071 florins for financial adininistration, and 86,338,803 florins for common affairs. The public debt on July 1, 1886, amounted to 3,485,881,310 florins, not including 412,000,000 florins of paper currency. About 50,000,000 florins of new paper rente were issued in the beginning of the financial year 1887-'88 to cover the financial requirements of the year.

The Language Question.-The German Liberals in the Austrian Chamber won a triumph over the Government in April, 1887, by carrying through a motion of ex-Minister von Schmerling, who is called the father of Austrian constitutionalism, providing for the appointment of a committee to consider the question of the use of other languages besides German in official documents and the pleadings of law courts. German has been acknowledged by the Government to be the official language of the empire, and the German party maintains that edicts that have been issued at various times authorizing the employment of the Czech, Polish, and Italian languages for judicial and administrative purposes are illegal. After the rejection of a resolution offered by Herr von Plener, the German leader in the Diet of Prague, all of his party threatened to take no part in the legislative proceedings until the Czech majority should agree to alter the law which makes the use of the Czech language sometimes compulsory in the law courts of German districts. In January, before closing its sessions, the Diet by a unanimous vote declared that the German abstainers had vacated their seats. In order to satisfy national or local ambitions the Government has in recent times established gymnasia in many country towns which are too poor to maintain them, and has in consequence been induced to aid the schools by annual grants. Dr. von Gautsch, the Minister of Education, declaring himself opposed to over-education and the multiplication of the intellectual proletariate, ordered in the summer that the least frequented of the schools should be closed. His decree resulted in the suppression of several Czech gymnasia, and brought upon the ministry the denunciations of the press of Bohemia.

in the other European capitals, and their theories are generally accepted also by the working-classes of Grätz, Klagenfurth, Brünn, and Reichenberg, and have taken deep root in Hungary, though their public expression is hindered by the new anti-socialist law of that country. The revolutionary socialists are not numerous in Austria, yet a band of desperate characters was organized among the industrial population of the suburbs of Vienna, with affiliated groups in other places, which the police detected just as some of their destructive plots were ripe for execution. In March, 1887, 15 anarchists were tried in Vienna before a special court of six judges without a jury, on the charge of preparing and secreting explosives. It was proved that they had entered into a conspiracy to fire several lumber-yards for the purpose of creating a panic, and that they had provided themselves with bombs and grenades charged with a powerful explosive. The ringleaders were a mason named Kaspari, and a weaver named Wawrunek. A tinsmith named Kratochwill had attempted to set fire to a lumber-yard, but the fuse would not burn. Two of the prisoners were acquitted, and the rest were sentenced to the penitentiary for terms ranging from six months to twenty years. Hungary. The Hungarian legislative authority is exercised by a Diet consisting of two branches. The upper house, called the House of Magnates, contains, under the law of 1885, all hereditary peers who pay a land-tax of 3,000 florins or over; archbishops, bishops, and certain other ecclesiastics of the Roman and Greek Catholic Churches, 39 altogether; 11 ecclesiastical and lay representatives of Protestant bodies; 50 life-peers who were elected by the house, but are to be hereafter nominated by the Crown; 16 high state and judicial dignitaries, who are members ex-officio; 1 delegate from Croatia and Slavonia; and the archdukes who are of full age. The House of Representatives in 1886 consisted of 453 members, of whom 40 were the delegates of Croatia and Slavonia. The ministry is composed of the following members: President of the Council, Koloman Tisza de Boros-Jenö, who in February, 1887, took over the Ministry of Finance on the resignation of Count Gyula Szapary; Minister of the Interior, Baron Bela Orczy, who succeeded the Prime Minister when the latter assumed charge of the finance department; Minister of Education and Worship, Dr. August Trefort; Minister of the Honved, otherwise called the Minister of National Defense, Baron Geza Fejérváry, appointed Oct. 28, 1884; Minister ad latus, Baron Orczy; Minister of Justice, Theophile Fabinyi, appointed May 17, 1886; Minister of Communications, Baron Orczy; Minister of Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce, Count Paul Széchényi; Minister for Croatia and Slavonia, Koloman de Bedekovich.

Revenue and Expenditure.-The total revenue in 1885 was 318,444,919 florins, and the ex

penditure 358,645,446 florins. The estimated revenue for 1887 is 328,356,095 florins; the expenditure 350,400,021 florins, of which 111,832,886 florins are applied to the national-debt account, 29,470,424 florins to the common expenses of the empire, besides 4,150,917 florins of extraordinary expenditure, 56,106,352 florins to financial administration, 27,295,000 florins to state railways, 17,907,680 florins to investments, and 11,799,003 florins to debts of guaranteed railroads taken over by the Government. The public debt in the beginning of 1886 amounted to 1,342,380,381 florins, besides Hungary's share in the common debt of the empire, on which the interest charge is 30,000,000 florins per annum.

Parliamentary Elections.-The general election which began on June 17, was attended with the usual popular excitement, but with fewer disturbances than in former years. Notwithstanding the strong position of the Tisza Cabinet, corrupt inducements and administrative pressure were employed as usual to augment the Government majority. Count Albert Apponyi, the eloquent leader of the Moderate Opposition, made much of this practice of corruption in his arraignment of the Government, and summed up all the errors committed during Tisza's twelve years' premiership; yet the Government obtained a larger majority than ever. There were riots in five or six districts, in which many persons were killed and wounded. At Usbeck the troops were called out to quell a disturbance, during which 8 persons were killed and 30 injured. At Verbo the anti-Semites wrecked the polling-place, but the soldiery did not interfere. The result of the election was a majority for the Government of 103 to 56 in 1884. The Moderate Opposition, which numbered 67 members in 1878, was reduced to 44. The Independents, who had 70 seats in 1878, now secured 77, but the anti-Semites, who vote with them on general questions, lost a number of seats. The Nationalists also elected fewer members than in the last election.

Fires and Floods.-Hungary was visited during May and June with calamities of more than usual severity. Fires are of common occurrence in that country, and are shown by statistics to be particularly prevalent in the month of May. The unusual number of large fires in May, 1887, may have been the result, as is the case in Galicia, of the careless use of petroleuin. The town of Toroczko in Transylvania was partially destroyed, and a day or two afterward the villages of Merenyo and Mezoecsueged were entirely consumed. On May 4 a fire broke out in the town of Arad which destroyed 150 houses and a large factory. In the mining town of Ruszkabanyi 111 houses were burned; and at Nagy Karolyi the family estate of the Counts Karolyi, including their mansion, 25 large workshops, and 225 other buildings, was destroyed. This was followed by a greater catastrophe at Eperies, the chief center of Prot

estantism in Hungary, where all the churches, Government buildings, schools, banks, and a great number of dwellings and workshops were burned to the ground.

About the same time floods did great damage in various parts of the country, and culminated in a destructive inundation that swept over the alluvial district around Szegedin. After the destruction of that town in 1879 it was rebuilt on high ground, and a system of embankments was constructed at a cost of 44,000,000 florins for the purpose of securing the neighboring farming lands from the overflow of the Theiss. A sluice at Kistisza was badly constructed, and left in charge of a heedless or incapable inspector, with the consequence that on May 31 the river, which was swollen by rains but yet not within several feet of the

BAIRD, SPENCER FULLERTON, an American naturalist, born in Reading, Pa., Feb. 3, 1823; died in Wood's Holl, Mass., Aug. 19, 1887. He was graduated at Dickinson College in 1840, and in 1842 studied medicine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York city, but was not graduated. Meanwhile, he devoted much time to long pedestrian excursions through Pennsylvania for the purpose of col

SPENCER FULLERTON BAIRD.

lecting specimens in natural history, and his private cabinet ultimately became the nucleus of the museum connected with the Smithsonian Institution. In 1845 he was appointed, Professor of Natural History at Dickinson, also teaching chemistry, where he remained until 1850, when he was elected assistant secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. This office he held until May, 1878, when, on the death of Joseph Henry, he succeeded to the

high-water mark, carried away the dam and flooded 30,000 hectares of growing wheat, destroying many farmsteads, and reducing nearly 2,000 families to destitution.

Croatia. The vigorous measures of Count Khün-Hedervary, the Ban of Croatia, have broken up the National or Home-Rule party as an open political organization. The elections to the Croatian Diet, which took place a week before the Hungarian elections, resulted in the return of 86 Government candidates to only 19 of the Opposition. The Roman Catholic clergy head the Separatist movement in the Banat, but they are kept in check by the repressive means in the hands of the civil authorities. In August a clergyman was sentenced by the court at Agram to a year's imprisonment with hard labor for seditious language.

full secretaryship. The department of exploration was placed under his authority from its beginning, and his annual reports constitute the only systematic record of the National explorations ever prepared. During the decade of 1850-'60 he devoted much time to enlisting the sympathies of the leaders of Government expeditions in the objects of the Institution, supplying them with all the appliances for collecting, as well as with instructions for their use. In many instances he organized the natural-history parties, named the collectors, employed and supervised the artists in preparing the plates, and frequently edited the zoological portions of their reports. The specimens brought back to Washington were intrusted to his care. These, with his own collection and those obtained on the Wilkes exploring expedition during 1842, were the beginnings of the United States National Museum, which, under his administration, has developed until it is now unsurpassed throughout the United States. The system of international exchanges organized under the direction of the Smithsonian, is likewise due to his genius. In 1871 Prof. Baird was appointed Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, an office which he held without salary until his death. This great work, organized by him, has grown until it includes: 1. The systematic investigation of the waters of the United States, and the biological and physical problems they present. 2. The investigation of the methods of fisheries, past and present, and the statistics of production and commerce of fishery products. 3. The introduction and multiplication of useful food-fishes throughout the country, especially in waters under the jurisdiction of the General Government, or those common to several States, none of which might feel willing to make expenditures for the benefit of others. In 1877, at the request of the United States Government, he was

ters, 130 baptisms, and 3,212 members; and for Australasia, 6 associations, 159 churches, 113 ministers, and 15,527 members. Total, 1,352 associations, 36,186 churches, 27,368 ministers, 169,281 baptisms, and 3,313,026 members.

Seven theological institutions in the United States returned 48 instructors and 543 pupils; 27 universities and colleges, 251 instructors, and 3,660 pupils; 30 institutions for the education of young women exclusively, 281 instructors and 2,899 pupils; 43 seminaries and academies and institutions for both sexes, 258 instructors and 4,757 pupils; and 19 institutions for the colored race and Indians, 154 instructors and 3,776 pupils. In all, 126 educational institutions, 1,092 instructors, and 15,635 pupils.

American Baptist Home Mission Society.-The fifty-third anniversary of the American Baptist Home Mission Society was held in Minneapolis, Minn., May 30. Mr. Samuel Colgate presided. The total receipts of the society for the year had been $552,314, or $15,000 more than the receipts of the previous year. Of this sum $349,797 were returned as contributions from churches, Sunday-schools, and individuals; $158,257 from legacies; $17,599 as income from church-edifice loans and invested funds; and $19,987 from the schools of the society. The Executive Board in making appropriations had adhered to the rule of limiting them to the average of annual receipts of the three years preceding. The expenditures had been $290,887, of which $130,666 had been for ministers' salaries, $59,261 for teachers' salaries, $41,443 for special educational purposes, $29,296 in gifts for church-edifice work, and $31,855 for expenses of administration and agencies. In addition to these expenditures, the indebtedness of the previous year, $123,429, had been been paid off with the results of special offerings. A settlement had been effected with Mr. J. H. Deane, a former treasurer of the society, whose failure in business had involved the society in financial loss (see "Annual Cyclopædia" for 1886), by which he was to pay 50 per cent. of the deficiency in his accounts, or $66,000 in stated instalments. The summary of the missionary work showed that 678 laborers had been employed in the supply of 1,385 churches and out-stations having a total church membership of 28,398, with 673 Sunday-schools, returning a total attendance of 44,740 persons; also that 129 churches had been organized, and 3,300 members had been added by baptism. The amount of benevolent contributions reported from the mission churches was $28,539. Besides the stations among American populations, the society had assisted the German Baptist Convention among the Germans of Ontario; bad aided the Scandinavian churches, particularly in Minnesota; had labored among the French in Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Illinois; and among the colored people in various States of the South

and North; had sustained 12 missionaries to Indians in the Cherokee Nation, among the Delawares, and to Sacs and Foxes of the Indian Territory, and at the Pyramid Lake and Walker river reservations; had maintained missions among the Chinese in California and Oregon; and had supported missions in Mexico. In the church-edifice department, grants had been made to 62 churches in the shape of $10,818 in gifts and $13,325 in loans; while receipts were acknowledged to the Loan Fund of $7,051, and to the Benevolent Fund of $78,645. The Loan Fund amounted to $122,047, and was regarded as sufficiently large for all demands that were likely to be made upon it. The educational institutions of the society included 11 incorporated and 6 unincorporated institutions; with mission day-schools, largely supported by the Woman's American Baptist Home Mission Society of Boston, in Salt Lake City, the city of Mexico and Salinas, Apodaca, and Santa Rosa, Mexico, and Tahlequah, in the Indian Territory; and mission night-schools for the Chinese in Oakland, San Francisco, and Fresno, Cal. Fifteen schools for the colored people were supported wholly or in part by the society, while Leland University, New Orleans, with an endowment of nearly $100,000, had become self-supporting. These schools had employed 122 teachers, 23 of whom were colored, and returned 2,807 pupils. Ministerial training was provided for at several of these schools, industrial education in many of them, with appropriations from the "Slater Fund at seven, and medical education in the Leonard Medical School, at Raleigh, N. C., and for women at Spelman Seminary, Atlanta, Ga.

American Baptist Publication Society. The sixtythird anniversary of the American Baptist Publication Society was held in Minneapolis, Minn., May 25, 26, and 27. Mr. Edward Goodman, of Illinois, vice-president, presided. The total receipts and business of the society in all of its departments for the year had been $624,140. The business of the year had amounted to $481,997. The Board of Managers reported that a defalcation by two of the bookkeepers had caused a loss to the business department computed at the date of the meeting to amount to $24,156. One hundred and ninety-four new works had been published, of which 331,500 copies had been issued, and 737,300 copies of new additions of former publications had been printed; while the whole number of books, tracts, and periodicals printed during the year was 26,751,300. The gross receipts of the missionary department had been $8,084 less than in the previous year. The receipts for permanent investment funds in this department had been $8,500. The gross receipts in the Bible department had been $15,972. Seventy-eight missionaries had been employed, under whose labors 710 persons had been baptized, 43 churches constituted, 311 sunday-schools organized, 501 institutes held and addressed, and 1,822 Sunday-schools and