51,691, making a total foreign circulation of 521,356 copies; cash remittances to foreign lands, $159,986; cash receipts from foreign lands, $41,611; number of agents and colporteurs employed in the distribution of the Scriptures in foreign lands, 410. The lands in which this work is performed include American and European states, and every country in which Protestant American missionaries labor.

British and Foreign Bible Society. The eightythird annual meeting of the British and Foreign Bible Society was held in London, May 4. The Earl of Harrow by presided, and in his address-appropriately to the Queen's Jubilee gave some comparative statistics respecting the progress of the society during the past fifty years. Fifty years before the income of the society had been £100,000, now it was £225,000; then it had 2,370 auxiliary societies at home, now 5,300; then 260 auxiliary societies abroad, now 1,500. Fifty years ago the annual issues of publications were 600,000 copies, now they are 3,000,000; then the cheapest Bible cost 2 shillings, now it was only 6d.; then the cheapest New Testament cost 10d., now the cheapest was Lord Shaftesbury's 1d. Testament. Fifty years ago the Scriptures were published in 136 languages, now in 280. The full income of the society for the year ending March 31, 1887, amounted to £116,764, and the sum received for Scriptures sold, at home and abroad, was £104,888. These sums, with £104 received on a special account, made a total of receipts of £221,754. The expenditures had been £231,776. The issues for the year had been 3,932,678 copies in Bibles, Testaments, and portions of Scripture. The whole number of issues by the society since its beginning had been 112,253,547. The Queen, at the request of Australian auxiliaries, had written a passage of Scripture-"On earth peace, good will toward men," with the royal autograph, to be placed in fac simile in the Testaments of the school-children of the Australian colonies, as a lasting memorial of the Jubilee year. The income of the society for the year had declined by £31,000.

BOLIVIA, an independent republic of South America. (For details relating to area, terri torial divisions, population, etc., see "Annual Cyclopædia" for 1883 and 1886.)

Government.-The President of the Republic is Don Gregorio Pacheco. His Cabinet is composed of the following ministers: Foreign Relations, Don Juan Crisóstoms Carrillo, who combines with his office that of Minister of Justice, Public Worship, and Instruction; Finance, Señor Garcia; Interior, Dr. M. M. Dilledina; War, Brigadier General Don Casto Arguedas.

On April 7 the Bolivian Minister at Washington was recalled, the legation being withdrawn for the present, while the American Minister at La Paz, Hon. William A. Seay, resigned on account of failing health. The Boliv ian Consul-General at New York is Don Melchor Abarrio; the Consul at San Francisco,

Don Francisco Herrera, and at New Orleans, Don José P. Macheca; the American ViceConsul-General at La Paz is Mr. S. Alexander.

Army. The strength of the regular army is 2,000 men, with eight generals and 1,013 other officers, the annual outlay for the War Department being $2,000,000.

Finances. The income of the Government in 1886 was $2,964,079, but the outlay exceeded it by $800,000. A concession was granted, near the close of 1886, for a bank at La Paz. The Banco Nacional de Bolivia experienced serious financial distress during the summer of 1887, not being able to pay at sight outstanding notes of its own circulation, even in sinall amounts. It suspended payment temporarily and telegraphed to Potosi for bar-silver.

Boundary Treaties. During the autumn of 1886 a preliminary boundary treaty was signed at La Paz by the Peruvian Minister Plenipotentiary and the Bolivian Government, the chief clauses of which were: 1. The present acknowledged limits between the two countries are confirmed, except those southward from Lake Titicaca; 2. The two republics will undertake to negotiate with Chili, if possible, a modification of the treaty of Ancon, so far as it relates to the occupation for ten years of the provinces of Tacna and Arica; 3. Should Chili consent to such modification, Peru and Bolivia are to engage jointly to pay Chili the $10,000,000 indemnity, offering as a security the national revenues of both countries; 4. Peru agrees to cede to Bolivia the two provinces named against payment by the latter to the former of $5,000,000; 5. The war expenses of the war on the Pacific, which Peru advanced to Bolivia, are thereby waived by the former. This latter arrangement did away with the debt contracted by Bolivia in virtue of the Reyes Ortiz-Irigoyen protocol of April 15 and June 17, 1879, in which Bolivia bound herself to pay half of the cost of the war, together with the subsidies that Bolivia received from Peru during the Tarapacá and Tacna campaigns.

On Feb. 16, 1887, a treaty was signed between Bolivia and Paraguay, fixing the limits between the two republics on the one hand, and laying down the basis of an agreement facilitating Bolivian navigation down the Paraguay river to the Atlantic, on the other.

Education.-A college is to be founded in the city of Oruro, the number of students not to be fewer than 50, and the annual amount to be spent for instruction to be $11,130. Don Aniceto Arce undertook in the autumn of 1887 to found at La Paz a college on a grand scale.

The Fugitive Jesuits.-The Jesuits expelled from Peru found their way to La Paz, where they settled comfortably; but a strong opposition to their stay arose during the autumn of 1887, on the strength of a previous decree of expulsion issued in Bolivia by Marshal Sucre.

Railroads. In November, 1886, Dr. Antonio Quijarro, ex-Minister of State in the Campero administration, returned to La Paz from Buenos

Ayres, whither he had gone in furtherance of the project for a railway from a port of Paraguay river via Oruro to the heart of Bolivia. The Huanchaca Company of Bolivia acquired, in the spring, 1887, the Antofagasta railroad, paying the Nitrate Company $3,000,000 for it. This railroad from Antofagasta into the interior was completed during the summer as far as El Añil, while work was pushed as far as the Poruña mountains near Santa Bárbara. The La Paz city authorities granted a concession to introduce a system of tramways.

Public Works.-The Committee on Roads and Telegraphs in the Department of La Paz was actively at work in the spring of 1887 to push to completion the Obrajes and Vizcachain bridges and the wagon-road from La Paz to Oruro, ready as far as Licasica.

New Route. In May, 1886, the President issued a decree for the opening of a new route intended to give Bolivia an outlet toward the Atlantic down the Paraguay and La Plata rivers, so that when completed the time separating Sucre and Santa Cruz in the center of Bolivia from Buenos Ayres shall be reduced to a fortnight. The new route, beginning at Bahia Negra, traverses the northern Chaco of Bolivia to a place called Carumby, where it forks, and one of its branches penetrates to Santa Cruz and Port Higuerones in the Department of Beni, while the other puts in communication Sucre with Potosi, Huanchaca, Tarija, and Cochabamba. From Sucre to Cobija and Antofagasta the distance is 655 miles, and from Sucre to Puerto Pacheco, on the western bank of Paraguay river, the distance is 580 miles. The Atlantic route will be preferable to the Pacific, as the former does away with the long circuit via the Straits of Magellan or around Cape Horn, and besides, the Chaco route is destined to link the tributaries of the Amazon to the Rio de la Plata.

Telegraphs. In November, 1886, it was resolved to lay a telegraph line between Huanchaca and Ascotan, ultimately to be extended to Calama and Antofagasta. Simultaneously telegraphic communication was opened between Camargo and Potosi. In September, 1887, communication was opened between Bolivia and Chili by means of the Huanchaca Company's line. Telephonic communication was opened at La Paz in May, 1887.

Agriculture.-Bolivia produces all the fruits and vegetables of Europe, while the sugar-cane flourishes on the banks of Paraguay river, and cotton in the Department of Santa Cruz. The coffee from Yungas in the Department of La Paz is celebrated for its flavor. Both tobacco and cocoa are raised. The export of cocaleaves is likely to fall off somewhat, since a beginning has been made with shipping crude cocaine instead to consuming countries. Handsome green coca-leaves were becoming scarce in Europe in consequence. In the Department of Beni, where grazing is also successfully carried on and cattle-farming is extensive, the

gathering and preparing of India-rubber bas become an important pursuit, no fewer than eighteen establishments being devoted to it. The traveler, Edward R. Heath, who visited that region in 1881, and explored the Beni river to its junction with the Mamoré, reports that India-rubber trees abound on the banks of Beni river from the Madidi to the Madeira, there being from 500 to 1,000 trees to the square league, and at some points as many as 3,000. At some points toward the south the depth of forests containing rubber-trees is from one to three leagues from the river-banks inland. In the summer of 1887 an immense number of rubber-trees was reported to have been discovered beyond the Carabaya valley.

Cinchona-Bark. Since 1876 quinquina plantations or "quinales" have steadily gained in extent in the eastern regions of the Andes, spreading over half a dozen districts-Yungas, Songo, Mapiri, Guanay, Camata, and Caupolican-there being, by latest accounts, 3,842,000 trees yielding bark in those districts, 3,000,000 of which are in the Mapiri district alone. Adding thereto the new plantations at Challana, the total in bearing may be set down at 4,000,000. Most of the trees are from five to ten years old, and represent in the aggregate an estimated value of $20,000,000. Europe and America are, however, receiving large amounts of quinine bark from Ceylon, Java, Jamaica, Venezuela, Mexico, and Western Africa, and the value in the world's markets has been drooping of late, as shown by the import into England during the first seven months of 1887, which was 94,743 cwt., worth £455,951, against 87,043 of the value of £505,430 during the corresponding period of 1886, and 69,673 cwt., representing a value of £491,428, in 1885.

Precious Metals.-Bolivia holds the third rank among the silver-producing countries of the world, and its production is believed to be susceptible of a notable increase, so soon as railroads facilitate and cheapen the transportation of machinery and material. But in spite of obstacles in the way of transportation, the mining industry has made steady headway in Bolivia. Even while the war on the Pacific lasted $20,000,000 was invested in new mining enterprises, and all this money was raised in the country.

During the summer of 1887 two Americans, James Lynch and John Araya, discovered rich gold placer-mines on the banks of Cielo Agüiria river, in the Songo district. At the depth of a yard and a half the auriferous sand yields 2:35 grains per 12 quintals of sand. Machinery, etc., was to be conveyed thither to undertake gold-washing on a large scale.

Nitrate.-Extensive deposits of nitrate of soda were discovered in the spring of 1887 at Zapa, by an Italian, who forthwith went to Europe for the formation of a company.

Indian Troubles.-There have been repeated risings of Indians in several localities, at Izozo, San Lorenzo del Secure, and on the banks of

the Blanco and Beni rivers. In June a picketguard sent to the Department of Beni were cut off by them. The soldiers, who had packed their rifles in a cart drawn by Indians, were suddenly attacked and killed, with the exception of a few who reached a small chapel. Here they defended themselves for three days, and finally, when their ammunition was exhausted, endeavored to escape during the night, but were overtaken and clubbed to death. On receiving particulars of this disaster, the prefect sent seven missionaries to the Indians. Of these seven two joined the Indians, four were allowed to return after they had sworn to assist the insurrectionary cause, and the seventh was barbarously murdered. The Government later in the year sent a new prefect to Beni to endeavor to suppress the Indians, who continued in open revolt. Three more tribes joined the movement, and it was apprehended that if the Government did not display greater promptness and energy, all the settlements in Beni would be destroyed.

BRASSEY, Lady ANNIE, an English traveler and author, born in London about 1840, died at sea, Sept. 14, 1887. She was a daughter of John Allnutt, a man well known as a steeplechase rider, from whom she inherited a passion for riding and out-door sports. In 1860 she mar

ried Thomas Brassey, who was one of the two sons of Thomas Brassey the railway-builder, and inherited half of his immense fortune. Mr. Brassey was a member of Parliament for Hastings, was knighted in 1881, and in 1886 was raised to the peerage as Baron Brassey. He is a Liberal in politics. For several years he has owned a whole fleet of yachts, which he is able to navigate himself, and he and his wife were fond of making long voyages. Her first printed work was "The Flight of the Meteor," an account of two cruises in the Mediterranean and travels in the East (for private distribution

Her

only). In 1872 she published "A Voyage in the Eothen," which described their visit to the United States and Canada. In 1876-77 they made a voyage round the world in their yacht "Sunbeam," crossing the Atlantic from the English Channel to the coast of Brazil, thence around South America, passing through the Straits of Magellan, across the Pacific to Japan, China, and India, and home again by way of the Suez Canal and the Mediterranean. account of this voyage, published in London in 1878, had an immediate success, was republished in New York, and seemed to bring her to the familiar acquaintance of large numbers of American readers. It has appeared in several editions, including one to be used as a school reader and one priced at sixpence, which had a very large circulation. In 1880 she published "Sunshine and Storm in the East-a cruise to Cyprus and Constantinople," and in 1883 "In the Trades, the Tropics, and the Roaring Forties." In 1885 Mr. Gladstone accompanied the Brasseys in a trip on board one of their yachts to the coast of Norway. The home of the Brasseys is Normanhurst Castle, near Hastings, Sussex, and Lady Brassey was prominent in many charitable undertakings there and in London. A personal friend writes: "Lady Brassey was a woman of extreme energy; there was nothing she disliked more than to have no immediate object of action before her. So long as she was in health she wished to be up and doing something tangible. She was an active member of the St. John's Ambulance Association, and assisted in forming sundry classes or centers thereof. She passed the South Kensington School of Cookery (scullery department and all), and took a first-class certificate therein; she was a Dame of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem in England. Few ladies of the fashionable world get through as much effort in a week as Lady Brassey often incurred in a single day. We have known her spend a day at Normanhurst thus (as a sample): Correct proofsheets for printer and interview head servants as to orders for the day before breakfast; hunting with the local harriers for three hours, riding straight as a die over the stiff timber fences of Pevensey Marshes; home to a late luncheon; then drive a waggonette to show some visitors the beauties of the neighboring Ashburnham Park; after afternoon tea an overhauling of fancy costumes for an approaching fancy-dress ball; after dinner a rehearsal of some fancy-dress quadrilles with the various young ladies and gentlemen who were to form her party to the said ball on the morrow. Or, as an illustration of a day in the London season: Down to Chatham (or some such port) in the morning to launch a vessel; to the East End in the afternoon to distribute prizes at a training-ship, and to make a speech to the pupils; and in the evening a reception at her own house." Lord and Lady Brassey were on board the "Sunbeam" with their son and their

daughters, sailing from Port Darwin, North Australia, for the Cape of Good Hope, when Lady Brassay died of a fever. They were a thousand miles from land, and her body was buried at sea.

BRAZIL. (For details relating to area, territorial divisions, population, etc., see "Annual Cyclopædia" for 1884.)

Government.-The Emperor is Dom Pedro II, born Dec. 2, 1825. The Emperor went to Europe on June 30 for his health, and his daughter, Donna Yzabel, Countess d'Eu, born July 29, 1846, was installed Princess-Regent during his absence. Her Cabinet is composed of the following ministers: President of the Council of Ministers and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Counsellor of State, Senator Baron de Cotegipe; Interior, Senator Baron de Mamoré; Finance, Senator Francisco Belisario Soares de Souza; Justice, Deputy Wallace McDowell; Navy, Deputy Carlos Frederico Castrioto: War, Senator Joaquin Delfino Ribeiro da Luz; Agriculture, Commerce, and Public Works, Rodrigo Augusto da Silva.

The Brazilian Minister at Washington is Baron de Itajubá. The Consul-General of Brazil at New York is Dr. Salvador Mendonça. The American Minister at Rio de Janeiro is Hon. Thomas J. Jarvis; the Consul-General, H. Clay Armstrong.

Finances. The entire indebtedness of the Government up to March 31, 1887, for the home debt, and up to Dec. 31, 1886, for the foreign debt, was 987,391,610 milreis. Of this amount, 256,951,000 milreis, or £23,552,500, are under the head of gold loans, negotiated in London; 72,209,000 milreis under that of the two internal loans; and 382,608,000 milreis under that of internal consolidated indebtedness in currency, 91,286,000 being besides the floating debt, and 184,355,000 milreis paper money in circulation. The internal consolidated debt consists mainly of five-per-cent. "apolices," or bonds, of which 381,476,000 milreis are in circulation. Of the foreign debt, £6,430,000 represent the loan negotiated in 1886.

According to the report of the Minister of Finance, submitted to Parliament during the summer of 1887, the income during the fiscal year 1885-'86 was 124,328,000 milreis, and the outlay 149,774,000. Until then the budget covered the period from June 30 to July 1; but by the law of Oct. 16, 1886, the financial year is to run from Jan. 1 to Dec. 31. This being the case, 1887 will cover 18 months, and the budget estimate is 202,168,000 milreis revenue and 229,927,000 expenditure.

Army. The parliamentary vote relating to the army in 1887 maintains its strength at 13,500 men in time of peace. Should unforeseen events arise it may be increased to 30,000. There are 800 cadets in the various military schools. The army is recruited by voluntary enrolment. Besides a premium, those entering the military service are entitled to 109 square metres of public land.

Postal Service. During the fiscal year 1885-'86 the receipts, reduced to American money, reached $950,000, against $875,000 in 1884-'85, being an increase of $75,000. The expenses exceeded the previous year by $45,000.

Telegraphs. In 1887 there were in operation 10,610 kilometres of Government telegraphs, with 18,312 kilometres of wire, the service being done by 171 offices. The service includes 25 kilometres of cable.

Direct cable communication was established in 1887 between Pará and New York by the Pedro Segundo American Telegraph and Cable Company. The company entered into a combination with La Compagnie télégraphique des Antilles, a French corporation, the better to accomplish the objects for which the company was formed. In this manner the exclusive concession was obtained of laying a cable between Cayenne in French Guiana and Brazil, and an exclusive contract for the interchange of business with all the Brazilian land telegraph lines. The French Government guarantees the company a subsidy of $200,000 a year.

Lotteries. The amount of money invested in lotteries by the people of Brazil in 1886 was $9,140,000, not including the province of Pará, from which returns have not yet been received. Out of this amount, $6,889,000 was paid to holders of lucky tickets, resulting in a loss to the gambling public of $2,251,000. This loss has been sustained almost wholly by the population of Rio de Janeiro, where not only the tickets of lotteries, authorized by the General Government are sold, but also those drawn in the remotest provinces. The concessions to hold lotteries are given for the benefit of public works and charities, but the profits of the concessionnaires in the provinces often largely exceed the money accruing to the institutions. Thus, in 1866, the profits made by concessionnaires amounted to $1,093,200, out of which the institutions to be benefited received only $670,400. This contrivance has at length provoked interference on the part of the Minister of Finance, who recommends that Parliament pass a law reforming completely the present system of granting lottery concessions.

Commerce.--On June 22, 1887, the Minister of Finance issued the decree giving effect to the new tariff to go into force on the 1st of July. The alterations from the tariff of 1879 are numerous, the valuations of the 1,104 articles having been revised, mostly in the direction of elevation, and the rates of the duties raised on most manufactured articles from 3 to 15 per cent.

The foreign trade movement in Brazil, including specie and bullion, in milreis, was as follows: