"Ne eom ic na Crist.”—John i. 18.

"But he ne lefte nought for rayn ne thonder."

CHAUCER, Prol. 1. 492. O.E. ne was also a conjunction = nor. See Spenser, Faerie Queene, I. i. 28.

Not (= O.E. nôht, M.E. noght, nat) = no whit, (nothing), has replaced the old nâ, ne. It has already been shown to be an indefinite pronoun. See aught, § 164, p. 125.

"Ne wen thu nawiht leoue feder that tu affeare me swa = ne lef thu nawt leoue feader that tu offeare me swa. Ween thou not dear father that thou may frighten me so."-Juliana, pp. 12, 13.

"Ac hit ne helpeth heom nowiht."—O.E. Misc. p. 152.

Aught, naught, nothing, something, somewhat, muchwhat, anywhit, &c. may be used as adverbs.

So (= O.E. swâ) was used as a relative pronoun in E.E.; from it we derive also (O.E. calswa), which, by loss of 1, has dwindled down to as = M.E. ase E.E. alse = O.E. eal-swa.

Ay, sometimes used for yes, is the same as the adverb aye = ever.

For ever or aye we find in O. E. a ; E. E. o, oo, ay, ey. Cp. O.E. d-hwar, æg-hwar any-where; E. E. o-whar, eihwer.

==

What (O.E. hwat) = why (Lat. quid) is an

adverb:

'What do you prate of service?"

SHAKESPEARE, Cor. iii. 3

227. III. Adverbs formed from Prepositions.

Aft, in "fore and aft;" O.E. af-t-an, after. Af is another form of of (= from). Cp. af-ter, af-terwards.

Be, by, by and by, hard-by, be-sides, be-hind, but be-neath, &c.

For, for-th, for-thwith, a-fore, forward (= M.E. forth-ward).

Fro from; "to and fro."

-In, with-in, E.E. in-with; M.E. bin = O.E. binnan within.

Neath, be-neath, under-neath.

Cp. ne-ther; O.E. ni-ther, and Sansk, ni = down.

On, on-ward, on-wards.

Of, off; a-down (O.E. of dûn from the hill). See

aft.

To, too; to ward, &c.

=

Through, thorough, thoroughly, throughly.
Up, up-per, up-wards, upp-er-most.

Out, with-out, a-b-out, b-ut. (See Preposi§ 230, p. 195. § 231, p. 196.)

tions.

228. IV. Compound Adverbs.

Many are given under the head of prepositional forms. (See § 224, p. 188.)

There, here, and where, are combined with (1) prepositions, (2) adverbs, (3) indefinite pronouns to form compound adverbs:-there-of, there-to, there

from, thereby, &c.; where-so-ever, where-ever, &c.; else-where, some-where, no-where.

=

Everywhere = ever-y-where, E.E. ever ihwar (Ancren Riwle, p. 200); y-where: E.E. i-hwar, i-hwer O.E. ge-hwar. There was a M. E. eywhere, aywhere (which was also combined with ever) = O.E.ag-hwar, everywhere. Cp. O.E. dhwar, M.E. awher, owher, ouwhar anywhere.

=

In O.E. we have very few compounds of there, here, and where, with prepositions; but they are numerous in E.E.

The pronominal adverbs and their compounds, as where, where-of, where-to, have the force of relative pronouns.

The compounds of there, here, where, with prepositions are almost all archaic. We replace there-of, there-to, &c. by of that, of it, to that, to it, &c.; where-of, &c. by of which, &c. and here in, &c. by in this, &c.

These compounds, being followed by the preposition, resemble the construction of that, and the O. E. indeclinable relative the. "That bed the se lama on læg."

=The bed that the lame man lay on.

=

The bed whereon [= on which] the lame man lay.
Mark ii. 4.

"The ston that he leonede to."

=3 The stone whereto he leant.

Vernon MS.

Some elliptical expressions containing a verb are used as adverbs, as may-be, may-hap, how-be-it, as it were, to be sure, to wit.

CHAPTER XII.

Prepositions.

229. Prepositions are so named, because they were originally prefixed to the verb to modify its meaning. Many prepositions still preserve their adverbial meaning (cp. for-swear, be-times, &c.). Some relations denoted by prepositions may be expressed by caseendings. Prepositions are either simple or compound.

230. I. Simple Prepositions.

At (O.E. at; Lat. ad).

By (O.E. be, bi). The original meaning is about, concerning. Another form of it is O.E. umbe; M.E. umb, um; cp. Gr. àμpi; Lat. amb, am.

For (O.E. for, Lat. pro).

Fro-m (O.E. fram).

Fro (E.E. fra).

The m in from is a superlative suffix. The roots for and fro are connected with each other, and with far and fore. Cp. Lat. pro, per, præ.

In, on (O.E. in, on, an; Gr. év, Lat. in).

Of, off (O.E. of from; Lat. ab; Gr. úπó).

Out (O.E. t; cp. utter, utmost).

To (O.E. tô). It has often the sense of "for."
Up (O.E. up; Lat. s-ub).

With (O.E. with, wither, from, against). We have preserved the original force of with in with-stand The sense of the Lat. cum was usually expressed in O.E. by mid; Goth. mith, Gr. μéra.

&c.

231. II. Compound Prepositions.

(1) COMPARATIVES.

Af-ter (O.E. æf-ter), is a comparative of the root af of from. = The suffix -ter is the same as

-ther in whe-ther, &c.

Ov-er (O.E. of-er; Goth. uf-ar; Lat. s-uper; Gr. Tép), is a comparative of the root of or uf. We have the same root in O.E. ufe-weard; E.E. uveweard upward, a-b-ove.

=

Un-der (O.E. under; Lat. inter) contains the root in and the comparative suffix -der = -ther.

In E.E. under = between ; under that = between that; meanwhile.

Through (O.E. thur-h; Gr. dur-ch), contains the same root as the Lat. tra-ns, from the root thar or tar, to go beyond, to cross.

(2) PREPOSITIONS COMPOUNDED WITH PREPOSITIONS.

B-ut (O.E. b-ut-an, = be-ut-an, bi-ut-an) = be (by) + ut (out). A-b-out (O.E. â-b-utan â-be-utan) a (on) + be = (by) + out.

=