XIII. 1725. expressed their resentment in most passionate CHAP. terms*, declaring that they would never be reconciled till the Duke de Bourbon came to their Court and implored their pardon on his knees. To Mr. William Stanhope, the English Minister, they announced their intention to place, in future, their whole trust and confidence in his Master, and allow no mediation but his in their negotiations. But as soon as it appeared that King George refused on this account to break his connection with France, their Spanish Majesties turned their resentment against him also. They dissolved the Congress of Cambray by recalling their Plenipotentiaries, and instructed Ripperda to abandon all the contested points with the Court of Vienna, and form, if possible, a close alliance against France and England. Nor was the Emperor disinclined to accept these overtures. He had thought himself wronged by the terms of the Quadruple Allies; and though he acquiesced in the first, had never forgiven the latter. Of France he was afraid; of Hanover, jealous; and he had recently embroiled himself with England and Holland by establishing at Ostend an East India Company, which was considered as contrary to the treaty of Westphalia, and which, at *The Queen exclaimed to the French envoy, "All the “Bourbons are a race of devils!" then, suddenly recollecting that her husband was of that House, she turned to him and added, "except your Majesty !"-Account of Ripperda; and Coxe's Memoirs of Spain, vol. iii, p. 111. XIII. 1725. CHAP. all events, was keenly resented by the maritime powers. Under these impressions, Ripperda found few difficulties in his negotiations, and on the last of April and first of May, signed three treaties at Vienna, confirming the articles of the Quadruple Alliance, but proceeding to form a close concert of measures. By these, the King of Spain sanctioned the Ostend Company, and allowed it the same privileges as to the most favoured nations.* He ceased to insist on a point he had long demanded the exclusive mastership of the Golden Fleece. He no longer claimed that Spanish troops should garrison the fortresses of Tuscany. He acknowledged the Emperor's right to Naples, Sicily, the Milanese, and Netherlands; and guaranteed what was termed the Pragmatic Sanction, namely, the succession of the hereditary states of Austria in the female line. This was a point for which Charles was most solicitous, having only daughters in his family, and its guarantee was a vast concession on the part of Philip, who might otherwise on the Emperor's death have put forth a just, or at least a plausible, claim on his Flemish and Italian dominions. Both Sovereigns engaged to support each other, should either be attacked; Charles to bring into the field 20,000 foot and 10,000 horse Philip, only 20,000 troops, but 15 ships of war.t ; * Only a year before (April 26. 1724), the King had made a solemn representation against this Company. See Dumont, Suppl. Corps Diplom. vol. viii. part ii. p. 85. † Dumont, Suppl. Corps Diplom. vol. viii. part ii. p. 114. XIII. 1725. The world beheld, with astonishment, two CHAP. Princes, whose rival pretensions had for so many years distracted Europe with divisions and deluged it with blood, now suddenly bound together by the closest ties of alliance, and combining against those very powers which had hitherto befriended and aided one part or the other. But the large concessions made by Philip, ill compensated by a new renunciation of the Spanish Crown from Charles, raised an immediate suspicion, that there must be other secret articles to the advantage of the Court of Madrid; and, in fact, hopes had been held out to it of a project most dangerous to the balance of power - a marriage between the young Archduchess, the heiress of the Austrian States, and one of the Infants of Spain. These were only hopes; but it was speedily shown, by many concurrent proofs, and afterwards confirmed by the confession of Ripperda and others, that at the same time with the public treaty, a private agreement had been concluded, according to which the allies of Vienna were to demand first Gibraltar, and then Minorca, for Spain; and, in case of refusal, to combine for the restitution of these by force, and for the enthronement of the Pretender in England. A motive of religion was also mingled in the latter project; and either the accomplishment or the alarm of it might, as the Emperor hoped, obtain his great object at this time-the The Emperor's contingent is augmented by 10,000 in Coxe's XIII. CHAP. guarantee of the Pragmatic Sanction by the French and English nations. "In this case," said Walpole, many years afterwards, "it was not His late 1725. 66 Majesty's ministers here who informed him; it "was he that informed them of the transaction; "he had his information at Hanover, and it was so good that he could not be deceived; I know "as well, and am as certain that there were such "articles, as those very persons who drew up the "articles." * 66 Russia also showed a strong inclination to engage in the same confederacy. On the death of Peter the Great, his widow, Catherine, had been acknowledged as Empress, and pursued his plans with scarcely an inferior spirit. She had inherited his rancour against England; and having married her daughter to the Duke of Holstein, became eager to recover Sleswick, which Denmark had formerly wrested from that Duchy. "For my self," she said, "I could be content with clothes to keep me warm, and with bread to eat; but I am "determined to see justice done to my son-in-law; "and, for his sake, I would not scruple to put "myself at the head of an armyt;" - and accordingly she issued orders for soldiers and ships to be equipped. Large sums were transmitted from Madrid to St. Petersburg, larger still to Vienna; in fact, it is said, that this last Court received no less than 1,300,000 pistoles in fourteen months. * Speech, March 29. 1734. Parl. Hist. vol. ix. p. 598. XIII. 1725. Such formidable preparations called for a counter CHAP. confederacy on the part of England. Horace Walpole obtained the accession of France; Prussia was secured by Townshend, through a guarantee of its claims on Juliers; and, on the 3d of September, was signed a defensive alliance between these three Powers, called, from the place of its signature, the Treaty of Hanover. A separate article referred to some cruelties lately practised on the Protestants at Thorn in Polish Prussia, and engaged to obtain satisfaction for them. The second and third undertook that, in case of any attack on one of the contracting parties, the others should furnish a certain quota in troops, or the value in ships or money; and, in case of need, should agree concerning further succours. These were nearly all the apparent stipulations; but their real drift was, moreover, to counter-balance the treaty of Vienna, compel the Emperor to relinquish the Ostend Company, and withstand any attempts that might be made in behalf of the Pretender. Such was the celebrated treaty of Hanover, against which the opposition so often thundered during the administration of Walpole. "Thus "Hanover rode triumphant on the shoulders of England," writes Chesterfield. "It was a treaty, "the tendency of which is discovered in the "name," cries Chatham. But their judgment loses much of its weight, when we find it built on the assumption that there was, in fact, no secret agreement at Vienna. The proofs of that agreement, |