them in order to use the materials for new buildings. As early as the middle of the seventh century, when the monks of Ely wanted a stone coffin for the body of the abbess Etheldrida, they sought for it among the ruins of the Roman town, the site of which is now occupied by the town of Cambridge. They came to a small deserted city which, in the language of the Angles, is called Grandchester, and presently, near the city walls, they found a white marble coffin, most beautifully wrought, and neatly covered with a lid of the same kind of stone.

"At a much later period we shall find the abbots of St. Alban's collecting the materials furnished by the ruins of Verulamium (or, as the Saxons called it, Wærlam-ceaster) to build their church. Many Anglo-Norman works still existing are built in part of Roman materials. We find also that at an early period people, not content with taking what was above ground, made excavations under the soil in search of the relics of ancient days. It seems probable that the different tribes who occupied the ground frequently opened the barrows of the tribes who had preceded them, in search of treasures.

The earliest

mediæval poems, such as the romance of Beowulf, speak of the treasures of a primeval age [sic],* consisting of cups and other vessels, personal ornaments, and weapons rescued by their heroes from beneath the tumulary mounds of the giants (according to the belief of the unconverted Germans), or of the heathen (according to the Christianized notions). We hear of the opening of barrows as late as the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, and the discovery of funereal deposits and of treasures. The Auglo-Saxons appear to have collected immense quantities of articles of Roman manufacture by excavating, particularly vases, and other vessels of dif ferent materials, and the earlier rituals frequently contain forms for blessing these implements of Pagan manufacture, in order to make them fit for Christian use. . . . . In many instances, particularly in the earlier times of the Anglo-Saxons, these Roman utensils appear to have been buried again in Anglo-Saxon barrows, which

We recommend that antiquaries should employ some much more definite term for the early ages than primæval, which embraces any period up to Noah's flood, and before it.

GENT. MAG. VOL. XXII.

accounts for the discovery of mixed deposits of earlier and more recent articles in one place. Mr. C. Roach Smith recently exhibited to the Society a brazen bowl of Roman workmanship, which had been mended with pieces of metal bearing proof of Saxon art. . . . . The earliest systematical excavations in England of which we have a definite account were made among the ruins of Verulamium in the earlier part of the eleventh century by two successive abbots of St. Alban's, Ealdred and Eadmer. We learn from Matthew Paris that Abbot Ealdred overthrew and filled up all the 'subterranean crypts' of the ancient city, as well as the vaulted passages, with their windings, some of which ran under the bed of the river. He did so because they had become hiding-places for thieves and strumpets. The subterranean ruins of Roman Paris are described as the haunts of a similar class of society in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The abbot laid up carefully all the unbroken tiles or bricks, and the stones which were fit for building, as materials for the new church which it was his intention to erect. With this object he made great excavations, in order to discover stone buildings. the workmen were digging near the bank of the river they found oak planks, with nails in them, and covered with pitch, apparently part of a ship, as well as old rusty anchors and oars, which proved, as Matthew Paris thought, that the sea had once encircled the town. Moreover, they found shells, such as are commonly cast upon the sands of the sea shore. The places where these were found received the appropriate names of Oysterhill, Shelford, Anchorpool, Fishpool, &c. They uncovered the foundations of a vast palace, and they found a hollow in the wall like a cupboard, in which were a number of books and rolls, which were written in ancient characters and language that could only be read by one learned monk, named Unwona. He declared that they were written in the ancient British language; that they contained the invocations and rites of the idolatrous citizens of Wærlamceaster,' with the exception of one, which contained the authentic life of St. Alban. The abbot preserved the latter, and had it translated into Latin, and as soon as the translation was completed the original crumbled into dust!"

(To be continued.)

3 F

As

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