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object is the compensation of the officers of the govern ment. Civil government is indispensable to the existence and well-being of society; and all who share in its benefits, should yield to its demands for the means of its support. But the people ought to remember, that they cannot safely intrust the protection of their rights and interests to bad men; and if they expect an equivalent for their money, they must expend it in buying the services of good and faithful

officers.

§ 1002. Another object of the public expenditure, is the relief of the poor. There are, in every country, many persons who, through unavoidable misfortune, are reduced to poverty, and who cannot support themselves. Every humane government makes provision for the maintenance of such persons at the public expense. And those who have shared more liberally in the Divine benefaction, ought cheerfully to contribute to the relief of their necessitous fellow-men.

§ 1003. Of the advantages of a free and easy intercourse between the different parts of the country, and of the economy of constructing important works of internal improvement at the expense of the nation or state, we have spoken else. where. (See Internal Improvements.) There are other similar improvements demanded by the general welfare and prosperity of the country, the expense of which is properly chargeable to the public account.

§ 1004. A portion of the public wealth should be appropriated to the general diffusion of learning. It It is for the interest of the community, that every citizen possess a good practical education. But there are many who are indifferent to the education of their children, or whose vices or misfortunes have deprived them of the means necessary to educate them properly. Benevolence, as well as a regard for the general good of society, requires that learning be encouraged and promoted by the government, to such extent

probable effect of employing bad and incompetent public officers? 1002. By whom ought poor persons to be supported? § 1003. Is it good economy for a nation to expend any of its funds in making internal improvements? Show how they prove beneficial to the coinnunity in general? § 1004. State the reasons why the government

at least, as to bring within the reach of all, the means of acquiring a practical education, which shall embrace a knowledge, not only of the sciences necessary to qualify them for the common business of life, but a knowledge also of their duties as citizens, and as members of society.

§ 1005. In conclusion, the compiler is impelled, by a deep solicitude for the welfare of his country, and the preservation of its free institutions, to offer a few observations on the subject of education, as the grand means by which the people of these United States are to transmit the blessings of civil and religious liberty to their descendants. Education is the hope of our republic. It gives strength and stability to the government, and forms the basis of national as well as social happiness. The general diffusion of learning, therefore, is an object that demands the regard of every citizen.

§ 1006. Patriotism should be sedulously inculcated, and universally cherished. Genuine patriotism is that ardent love of country, which will induce the citizen to make all needful sacrifices to promote its welfare. It should be one of the first objects, in the education of our youth, to cause them to place a proper estimate upon republican institutions. They must early learn, that their individual happiness, no less than the happiness and prosperity of the nation, depends upon the preservation of the liberties guarantied by our invaluable constitution.

§ 1007. A useful education includes a knowledge of the principles of the government under which we live. How can any citizen be qualified to take a part in the administration of the government, who is destitute of this knowledge? Free government presupposes intelligence in the body politic. Ignorance and liberty cannot long subsist together. When men do not understand the tenure by which they hold their rights, they are incapable of maintaining them. Presuming upon the ignorance of the people, ambitious politicians will be encouraged to break through the restraints of

should encourage and support institutions of learning? § 1005. Wha effect has education upon individual and national happiness? § 100 What is patriotism? What influence will it naturally have upon conduct of citizens? § 1007. Can you tell why a knowledge o

the constitution, in order to acquire or retain political power, fearless of being called to account.

§1008. Respect and obedience to the laws should be faithfully inculcated. All laws which do not actually violate the rights of conscience, or which do not interfere with our duties to our Creator, should receive a ready and cheerful obedience. No law affecting merely our property and persons, can be violated without incurring guilt. Neither the injustice nor the inequality of a law, can justify its violation. When necessary laws are wanting for the punishment of crime, men may not take the law into their own hands, and inflict summary punishment, according to their own ideas of justice. It is the duty of the citizen to submit to the laws of the land; and to endeavor, by all peaceable and lawful means, to procure the repeal of bad laws, and the enactment of good ones.

§ 1009. Education must be united with religious princi. ple. It is not enough that the citizen understands his duties. Knowledge, if improperly used, may be productive of great evil. Where the love of virtue does not govern the conduct of men, violations of the laws will be frequent, and the rights of men will be unsafe. Bad men will obtain the public offices; bad laws will be made; and civil and religious liberty will be destroyed. Said the revered Washington, "Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political prosperity, religion and morality are indispensable supports. In vain would that man claim the tribute of patriotism, who should labor to subvert these great pillars of human happiness, these firmest props of the duties of men and citizens."

§ 1010. The minds of youth should be early impressed with the principles of peace. It is not intended here to discuss the question of the lawfulness of war; but merely to declare the belief, that the power of the principles of peace, is one of the most effectual means of defence of the rights of nations as well as of individuals.

principles of government is necessary? § 1008. What would be the natural effect of a general disregard of the laws upon the interests of the community? § 1009. Why is the prevalence of moral and religious principle deemed essential to national happiness? § 1010. If all men were governed by the pure principles of peace, what would

§ 1011. Let our citizens, then, promote the general diffusion of knowledge. Let our youth be instructed in their duties as members of society and as citizens of a free government; and be taught to regard the public welfare as of higher value than the interests of individuals or of parties, and to feel themselves individually responsible for their moral and political influence; and our liberties will be safe. It has been said by a worthy citizen of another nation: "Let America be good, and America will be happy ;" and, it may be added, whatever has been the fate of former republics, ours will stand an enduring witness to the truth, that MAN CAN BE GOVERNED, and yet be free.

be the effect upon the world? § 1011. What is the general effect of the spirit of party upon the public welfare? What are the principal means by which our republican institutions may be preserved ?

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WHEN, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

'We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and tʊ institute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate, that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been

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