adopt and use practices, means, methods, operations, and processes, which are reasonably adequate to render such employment and place of employment safe. Every employer shall do every other thing reasonably necessary to protect the life and safety of employees."

Sections 6950 to 6953. ployees of railroads. Sections 7101 to 7114. employees.

Sections 7151 to 7158. scaffolding.

Specify safety devices required for the safety of em

Contain regulations for safety of building construction

Contain safety regulations relating to employees on

Safeguarding Window Cleaners

Sections 7325 to 7332. Prescribe safety devices upon buildings to safeguard window cleaners, and further provide that the Division shall approve the fittings and devices prior to their installation for design, durability and safety, and by appropriate rules and orders designate the manner in which said safety devices are to be attached, installed and used.

Ventilation and Sanitation

(Enforced by Division of Labor Law Enforcement. Penalties for violations are prescribed.)

Theatres

Labor Code, Sections 2260 to 2263. Regulate sanitary conditions and ventilation in theatres. Require running water and toilet facilities in the operating room of every theatre and moving picture house for the use of the operator; set forth specific requirements for ventilation of projection, rewind and generator rooms; and require that every projection room have at least two separate exit doors for the better protection of the safety of the operator or operators.

Factories and Business Establishments

Section 2350. Cleanliness and freedom from effluvia: Provision with water closets or privies: Number and designation: Use. "Every factory, workshop, mercantile or other establishment in which one or more persons are employed, shall be kept clean and free from the effluvia arising from any drain, privy, or other nuisance, and shall be provided, within reasonable access, with a sufficient number of water closets or privies for the use of the employees.

Section 2351. Ventilation of factory or workshop. "Every factory or workshop in which one or more persons are employed shall be so ventilated while work is carried on that the air will not become injurious to the health of the employees, and . . . as to render harmless, as far as practicable, all injurious gases, vapors, dust, or other impurities generated in the course of the manufacturing process or handicraft carried on therein."

Section 2353. Exhaust fans or blowers with pipes and hoods to each machine: Fitting, adjustment, power and dimensions. "In any factory, workshop, or other establishment where dust, filaments, or injurious gases are produced or generated, which may be inhaled by employees, the person, under whose authority the work is carried on, shall cause to be provided and used, exhaust fans or blowers with pipes and hoods extending therefrom to each machine, contrivance, or apparatus by which dust, filaments or injurious gases are produced or generated. The fans and blowers, and the pipes and hoods, shall be properly fitted and adjusted, and of power and dimensions sufficient to prevent the dust, filaments, or injurious gases from escaping into the atmosphere or any room where employees are at work."

Section 2440 (added by 1953 New Laws, Assembly Bill No. 1892). "Every person operating a factory or shop, or conducting any business in which power machinery is used for any manufacturing purpose, except for elevators or for heating or hoisting apparatus, where five or more persons are employed, shall at all times keep and maintain, in some accessible place upon the premises upon which such factory, shop or business is located, free of expense to the employees, a medical or surgical chest. The chest shall contain an adequate assortment of absorbent lint, absorbent cotton, sterilized gauze, plain and medicated, adhesive plaster, cotton and gauze bandages, one tourniquet, one pair scissors, one pair tweezers, one jar carbolized petrolatum, one bottle antiseptic solution, and one first aid manual, all of which shall cost not less than six dollars ($6). The chest shall be used in the treatment of persons injured or taken ill upon the premises. Penalty for violation.

Section 2441 (added by 1953 New Laws, Assembly Bill No. 1892). "Every employer of labor in this State shall, without making a charge therefore, provide fresh and pure drinking water to his employees during working hours. Access to such drinking water shall be permitted at reasonable and convenient times and places. Penalty for violation.

Industrial Homework

(Enforced by Division of Industrial Welfare.)

Sections 2650 to 2668. Regulate industrial homework; provide for certification of workers; prohibit the manufacture by industrial homework of certain materials or articles and other articles, "the manufacture of which by industrial homework is determined by the division to be injurious to the health or welfare of the industrial homeworkers within the industry or to render unduly difficult the maintenance of existing labor standards or the enforcement of labor standards established by law or regulation for factory workers in the industry"; authorize the Division to make an investigation of any industry which employs industrial homeworkers, in order to determine whether the wages and conditions of employment of industrial homeworkers in the industry are injurious to their health and welfare.

Labor Camps

(Enforced by Division of Housing.)

Labor Code, Sections 2411 to 2425. Contain health and sanitary regulations for protection of employees in labor camps.

Rules and Regulations

Issued by Division of Industrial Safety.

(1) General Industry Safety Orders. Register 18, No. 8-12-19-49. Orders establish minimum standards for safety and health, and apply to all employments and places of employment.

Group 1. General Hazards. Orders set forth standard specifications for railings, stairways, platforms, openings, exits and other parts of buildings; general safe practices; and personal safety devices and safeguards such as for head protection, eye and other body protection.

Group 2. General Plant Equipment and Special Operations. Safety specifications are set forth for equipment such as vats and pans, piping systems, motion picture projection, compressors and abrasive wheels.

Group 3. General Mobile Equipment and Auxiliaries. These include industrial trucks, transportation of employees and materials, and tiering conveyors. Group 4. Power Transmission Equipment, Prime Movers, Machine and Machine Parts. Orders regulate the guarding of such equipment and parts.

Group 5. Points of Operation of Dangerous Machinery. Orders cover point of operation hazards for metal working, wood working, paper and printing, textile and laundry, leather and composition goods, food and tobacco, chemical industry, rubber and stone, clay and glass working machines.

Group 6. Radiation and Radioactivity. Orders cover minimum standards for protection of employees exposed to ionizing radiation, including maximum allowable exposures; instructions on monitoring; maintenance of protective devices; handling and storage of radioactive materials; and special orders for radium dial painters and their medical supervision. Minimum standards for protection of employees exposed to actinic radiation are also included.

Group 7. Cranes and Other Hoisting Equipment.

Group 8. Gas Systems for Welding and Cutting. Orders apply to the installation and operation of all gas welding and cutting systems, and cover all gases when used with oxygen for welding, flame cutting, heating and heat treating operations.

Group 9. Control of Hazardous Substances. Orders set up minimum standards for the prevention of harmful exposures to dusts, fumes, mists, vapors and gases. Among measures included are: substitution of nonhazardous equipment, material or process; control by general and local exhaust ventilation; respiratory protective equipment; wet methods; isolation of hazardous operations; and sanitation and cleanliness. Maximum acceptable concentrations are listed for toxic materials. Other subjects covered by this group of orders are: explosives and fireworks; hot, flammable, poisonous, corrosive and irritant substances; special hazardous substances and processes such as sulfur, magnesium, pyroxylin plastic, nitrocellulose, fumigation, spray coating and solvents; labeling of injurious substances used in industry including wording of labels for 114 specific substances. (2) Among other Safety Rules and Orders issued by Division of Industrial Safety are:

Air Pressure Tank Safety Orders; Compressed Air Safety Orders Governing Work in Compressed Air; Construction Safety Orders; Electrical Safety Orders; Liquefied Petroleum Gases Safety Orders; Logging and Sawmill Safety Orders; Mine Safety Orders; Painting Safety Orders; Petroleum Industry Safety Orders for Drilling and Production; Petroleum Safety Orders, Refining, Transportation and Handling; Pneumatic Explosives Loading Safety Orders; Safety Rules for Gold Dredges and Quarry; Ship and Boat Building Safety Orders; Trench Construction Safety Orders; Tunnel Safety Rules; and Window Cleaning Safety Orders.

Employment of Women and Minors

Among pertinent provisions are the following: Employment of Women

(Enforced by Division of Industrial Welfare.)

Deering's California Codes, Labor Law, Sections 1250 to 1252. Relate to restrictions on moving or lifting heavy objects by female employees.

Section 1253. Requires provision of seats for female employees, and their use when duties permit it.

Employment of Minors

(Enforced by Division of Labor Law Enforcement.)

Sections 1292 to 1294. Prohibit employment of minors under 16 at specified operations, machines and occupations.

Section 1296. Authorizes the Division of Labor Law Enforcement to determine whether any particular trade, process of manufacture, or occupation, in

which the employment of minors under the age of 16 years is not already forbidden by law, or whether any particular method of carrying on such trade, process of manufacture, or occupation is sufficiently dangerous to the lives or limbs or injurious to the health or morals of minors under 16 years of age to justify their exclusion therefrom.

Mines and Mining

(Enforced by the Division of Industrial Safety.)

Sections 7451 to 7458. Contain general requirements for owners of coal mines concerning ventilation, examination of workings generating explosive gases, hoisting machinery and means of ingress and egress.

Workmen's Compensation 1

Workmen's Compensation Law is administered by Division of Industrial Accidents. (Labor Code, Sections 3201 to 6002)

Occupational Disease Compensation

Labor Code, Section 3208. "Injury" is defined to include any injury or disease arising out of the employment. Coverage is full.

Reporting of Injuries

Section 6407. Reports of injuries to employees: Persons required to file. "Every employer, insurer and physician or surgeon who attends any injured employee shall file with the Division of Labor Statistics and Research, under rules and regulations prescribed by the Division . . . a complete report of every injury to each employee arising out of or in the course of his employment unless disability resulting from such injury does not last through the day or does not require medical service other than ordinary first aid treatment."

Section 6408. Requires reports of death resulting from injury.

Rules and Regulations Governing Filing of Reports of Industrial Injuries by Employers, Insurers, Physicians and Surgeons. Issued April 1948 by Division of Labor Statistics and Research.

STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION

Vocational Rehabilitation

Education Code, Sections 9141 to 9148. The provisions and benefits of the Federal Act providing for the promotion of vocational rehabilitation of persons disabled in industry and otherwise are accepted by the State. The State Board of Education is designated as the agency for carrying out provisions and purposes of the Act and is authorized to cooperate with the Industrial Accident Commission in formulating a plan of cooperation.

STATE FIRE MARSHAL

Clothes Cleaning Establishments

Health and Safety Code, Sections 13201 to 13454. Regulate safe operations in dry cleaning and dry dyeing establishments; and provide for licensing, inspection, approval of equipment and construction plans.

The State Fire Marshal is authorized to prescribe such rules and regulations governing the construction, equipment, and operation of clothes cleaning establishments as may be necessary for the protection of life and property against fire menace, and for the promotion of the occupational security of the operators in the establishments. Safety requirements are given for buildings, equipment, and operations.

PUBLIC UTILITIES COMMISSION1

The Public Utilities Commission has jurisdiction over all publicly owned utilities, including common carriers.

Public Utilities Code, Section 768. Empowers the Public Utilities Commission to require by general or special orders, rules or otherwise, the construction, maintenance, and operation of public utility plants and premises "in such manner as to promote and safeguard the health and safety of its employees . . . and the public." It may prescribe "the installation, use, maintenance and operation of appropriate safety or other devices or appliances and require the performance of any other act which the health or safety of its employees... or the public may demand."

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

Air Pollution Control Districts

Health and Safety Code, Section 24199. Necessity for air pollution districts. "The Legislature hereby finds and declares:

"(a) That in portions of the State the air is polluted with smoke, charred paper, dust, soot, grime, carbon, noxious acids, fumes, gases, odors, particulate matter, and other air contaminants.

"(b) That it is not practical or feasible to prevent or reduce such air contaminants by local county and city ordinances.

"(c) That in other portions of the State the air is not so polluted.

"(d) That it is necessary, therefore, to provide for air pollution control districts in those portions of the State where regulations are necessary and feasible to reduce air contaminants in order to safeguard life, health, property and the public welfare and to make possible the comfortable enjoyment of life and property."

The Act creates each county as an air pollution control district and outlines the powers and duties.

Section 24208. Defines "air contaminant" to include "smoke, charred paper, dust, soot, grime, carbon, noxious acids, fumes, gases, odors, or particulate matter, or any combination thereof.”

Section 24242. Prohibits the "discharge into the atmosphere from any single source of emission . . . for a period or periods aggregating more than three minutes in any one hour which is: (a) as dark or darker in shade as that designated as No. 2 on the Ringelmann chart, as published by the U. S. Bureau of Mines, or (b) of such opacity as to obscure an observer's view to a degree equal to or greater than does smoke described in subsection (a) of this section." Section 24246. Provides right of entry to buildings or premises and for inspection of vehicles.