not many masters, they on the contrary were in such haste to become masters, that most of them were not able to have any students except by entreaties and payments. Now it is safer to listen than to teach, and a humble listener is better than an ignorant and presumptuous doctor. In short, the Lord had reserved for Himself among them all only a few honorable and timorous men who had not stood "in the way of sinners," nor sat down with the others in the envenomed seat.

V. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE.

2 Vols., Ox

H. Rashdall: The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages. ford, 1895. This is by far the best history in any language. The bibliographical material is very full. Several corrections in this edition are from Rashdall's work. He furnishes such full references to original material and secondary books that nothing needs to be added for students who have access to his work.

G. Compayré: Abelard and the Origin and Early History of Universities. This furnishes an excellent brief bibliography. It may well form an introduction to any more lengthy study.

The songs of the students are an important source for an understanding of their life. The best edition is

J. A. Schmeller: Carmina Burana, Second Edition, 1883.

This gives the text of some Latin and German songs of the XIII. Century. A. P. von Bärnstein: Carmina Burana Selecta. 1879.

This gives text and German translation of some Latin songs, and has excellent bibliographical material.

J. A. Symonds: Wine, Women and Song.

1884.

This is an English version of selected songs. The book is now scarce, but a dozen of the songs have been reprinted by

T. B. Mosher: Mediæval Latin Students' Songs in the Bibelot Series.

FROM THE

ORIGINAL SOURCES OF EUROPEAN HISTORY.

VOL. II.

MEDIEVAL SERMON STORIES.

Revised Edition of Monastic Tales of the XIII. Century.

INTRODUCTION.

In response to a request, made several times, fuller information is given here concerning the authors of these tales and their object than was to be found in the first edition. In order to do this, without increasing the length of the pamphlet, it has been necessary to leave out the special introduction under each topic. Students will find statements as to the beliefs concerning relics and the other topics in Lavisse: Histoire de France, Vol. III, p. 305 ff, by A. Luchaire; Lavisse et Rambaud: Histoire Générale, Vol. II, pp. 538-543, by Ch.-V. Langlois; Rambaud: Histoire de la Civilisation Française, Vol. I (7th ed., 1898), pp. 308 ff; Rosières: Histoire de la Société Française au Moyen Age, Vol. II, pp. 176 ff and 219 ff; the chapters on La Société d'après les Sermons in Bourgain: La Chaire Française au XIII Siècle and in Lecoy de la Marche: La Chaire Française au Moyen Age; Langlois: La Société du Moyen Age d'après les Fabliaux in the Revue Bleue, Aug. 22d and Sept. 5th, 1891; Montaiglon et Raynaud: Recueil Général et Complet des Fabliaux des XIII® et XIV Siècle, 6 vols., Paris, 1872-1890; and in the bibliographies given in these works.

Jacques de Vitry was born probably before 1180, studied theology at Paris, and was ordained priest in 1210. He preached first in 1213 in favor of the crusade against the Albigenses. The following year he led a large army of crusaders to the siege of Toulouse. He next preached a crusade against the Saracens. In 1214 he was elected bishop of Acre, was approved by the Pope in 1215, and was consecrated in 1216. He took a prominent part in the crusade of 1218-1221. In the winter of 1219-1220 he wrote his well known historical work. In 1226 or 1227 he resigned his bishopric, and devoted himself again to preaching the crusade against the Albigenses. In 1228 he was made a cardinal, and bishop of Tusculum. In 1239, probably, he was elected patriarch of Jerusalem. He died about 1240. The anecdotes quoted are taken from the exempla in the sermones vulgares, ad status or ad omne hominum