he-re (dat. fem.), 'at this place;' used also with motion, 'to this place.'

he-nce, 'from this place,' (O. E. he-nen, he-nnes, he-ns): -an or -on is in Anglo-Saxon an adverbial suffix denoting motion from, as north-an, from the north.' (Compare Norse -than, and Greek -then.) the-re (dat. fem.), 'at that place;' and now used with motion, to that place.'

thi-ther, to that place.' (See § 139.)

the-nce, from that place.' (O. E. the-nne, the-nnes.) (See remarks on 'hence.')

so (A.-S. and O. E. swa), an ablative, in this manner.' (Lat. si-c.)

thus (A.-S. thus), ablative, 'in this manner.'

the-n (A.-S. tha-nne, O. E. the-nne), 'at that time.'

180. Another demonstrative pronoun is yon, yond, or yonder, meaning that in the distance:'

Nor yon volcano's flaming fountains. - Shelley.
Yond Cassius hath a lean and hungry look.

Shakspere.

Near yonder copse, where once the garden smiled.

They are also used as adverbs:

Goldsmith.

Him that yon soars on golden wing.-Milton.

Interrogatives and Relatives.

181. The Interrogative pronoun is used in asking

questions:

Who thundering comes on blackest steed,

With slackened bit and hoof of speed ?—Byron.

INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

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The Relative refers to some person or thing previously mentioned :

How blest is he, who crowns in shades like these

A youth of labour with an age of ease!-Goldsmith.

182. In most languages the same root is employed for the interrogative and the relative. It appears in the Indo-European family with the following initial letters: p, k, qu, t, d, wh, hu, h.

183. Inflection of the Interrogative and Relative

184. In the nominative and accusative what is now used as an interrogative for all genders when a noun is expressed: 'what boy?' what girl?' 'what book?' The dative whom is employed as an accusative (rel. and inter.) in the masculine and feminine. That is also used as a relative for all genders in the nominative and accusative.

185. The compound whi-ch (§ 189) is often used for the interrogative, and in the neuter gender for the relative.

The word as is occasionally employed as a relative, when the antecedent is same or such:

Art thou afeard

To be the same in thine own act and valour

As thou art in desire ?-Shakspere.

Tears, such as angels weep, burst forth.-Milton.

186. The indefinite wha-t or whi-t, any thing,' is a neuter of this pronoun; 'some-wha-t,' 'not a whi-t better:' compare the Latin qui-d, ali-qui-d.

187. The Adverbs formed from the interrogative and relative pronoun are the following:

whe-re (dat. fem.), 'at what place;' and with motion, 'to what place.'

whi-ther, 'to what place.' (See § 139.)

whe-nce (A.-S. hwa-non, O. E. whe-nnes), 'from what
place.' (See remarks on hence, § 179.)

whe-n (A.-S. hwo-nne, O. E. whe-nne), ' at what time.'
wh-y (A.-S. hwi), ablat. 'for what reason.' (Lat. qui.)
ho-w (A.-S. huu, hu), ablat. 'in what manner.'
whe-ther, 'which of the two.' (See § 139.)

The indefinite forms are seen in the compounds, some-where, some-when, some-how, no-where, no-how.

Possessives.

188. Possessive pronouns denote the owner of any object:

'Twas mine, 'tis his.-Shakspere.

They are my or mine, our, thy or thine, your, his, her, its, their.

These words are the genitive cases of the personal and demonstrative pronouns, I, thou, he, em

ployed as adjectives. (Compare the Latin cu-ius, 'who-se,' used both as the genitive of who, and as a possessive pronoun with the inflection of an adjective.)

189. Compound and Derived pronouns :

an-y (A.-S. an-ig) is the numeral one and a diminutive suffix -ig or -y. (Compare the Latin ullo-, diminutive of uno-.) In the thirteenth century it was written on-i (masc.), and on-ie (fem.).

aug-ht (A.-S. aht), compounded of any and whit. (Lat. ali-quid.)

n-aught (A.-S. n-aht), the negative and aught.

no-t (A.-S. nate, O. E. nought). This adverb is compounded of the negative and whit. When used alone, the t is rejected, no.

This must not be confounded with the adjective no, which is a shortened form of none. (See § 161.) whi-ch (A.-S. hwi-lc), a compound of who and lic or like,—whi-lk, whi-ch. (Latin qua-li-.)

su-ch (A.-S. swi-lc), a compound of so and lik or like, (Latin ta-li.)

thi-lk (provincial), a compound of thi-s and like.

ea-ch (A.-S. a-lc), the numeral one and like.

ever-y, a compound of ever and each (ever-ilk, ever-ich,
ever-y).

o-ther (A.-S. a-ther) is the numeral one and the com-
parative suffix -ther. (German an-der, o-der.)
an-other, compounded of one and other. (German ein-
ander.)

ei-ther (A.-S. au-ther or a-ther), another form of other.
n-either, the negative and either.

190. self (A.-S. self), a noun, is preceded sometimes by a possessive, my-self, thy-self, our-selves, your-selves;

sometimes by a demonstrative in apposition to the noun, him-self, them-selves; and sometimes, in old English, by a personal pronoun, us-selven (Chaucer). In old English the word self frequently remains unchanged, although the pronoun prefixed is plural. They ben aschamed of hem-self' (Chaucer). We deceyve oure-self” (Id.). 191. same (A.-S. same). This word probably exhibits the root sam, 'one.'

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some (A.-S. som, sum) is used sometimes as a noun, 'some fell by the wayside;' and sometimes as an adjective,

Some natural tears they dropp'd, but wiped them

Pronouns. place where. motion to. motion from. time when. manner. cause.

193. Verb is the grammatical term for an action, i. e. doing something; as run, stand, write, think.

194. The source of an action, i. e. the person or thing from which the action proceeds, is called the subject of the verb: