P. 160. 'I see a bridge standing in the midst of the tide.' Note that this “bridge” does not lead across the tide. The people on it move in a direction parallel to the flow of the current.

P. 163. Homer's balance. Iliad, XXII., 208-215. By all means look up this most impressive passage in one or more of the famous translations of Homer, in Chapman, or Pope, or Cowper, or in the prose translation of Lang, Leaf, and Myers.

a passage of Virgil. Æneid, XII., 725-727. Look this up, either in the original or in Dryden or Conington.

those noble passages of Scripture. To be found by means of Cruden's Concordance, a book indispensable to English study. P. 164. Milton, in that beautiful description. This may be found by means of the Milton Concordance, or, better, by searching Paradise Lost.

amusing. Note that this word is used in a sense now obsolete. Look it up.

P. 170. Wapping. The sailor quarter of London. See Hare. P. 180. When I look, etc. Notice the charm which this passage has both for the mind and for the ear. Its thought is noble, elevated, and serious, its language rhythmical and melodious. Consider by what peculiarities of arrangement this effect of rhythm, or measure, is produced.

Sir Paul Rycaut. See Encyclo. Brit.

P. 183. What do you think of Addison as an apiologist?

P. 186. The shutting of a cardinal's mouth, etc. See Encyclo. Brit., article "Cardinal."

fresh and fresh; an intensive doubling no longer in use. We still use many similar expressions, - through and through, out and out, over and over, many and many a day, etc.

P. 187. Zug and Bender. In 1712 the "Toggenburg War" was causing commotion among the cantons of Switzerland. Charles XII. was intriguing at Bender, in Russia, from 1709 to 1711.

P. 188. the battle of Almanza. See Gardiner's Student's History of England, p. 689.

P. 195. Pasquin. See Webster's Dictionary.

Aretine. To be looked up under his Italian name, Aretino. P. 196. As this week is in a manner set apart. This paper is dated March 27, 1711. Easter, that year, fell on April 1.

P. 197. who was head of a college in those times. This is

probably to be understood of a Dr. Thomas Goodwin, who was President of Magdalen College, Oxford, during the Commonwealth.

P. 209. that noble allegory. The story is told by Xenophon, who attributes it to Prodicus. It may be pleasantly and profitably looked up in the Bohn Xenophon, Memorabilia, II., I., 21–33.

P. 213. as the finest author of all antiquity has said. The allusion is to Cicero, who, De Officiis, I., xxxii., 118, adduces Prodicus' story of Hercules, as told by Xenophon, and, a little further on, uses the language here translated by Addison. We quote Cicero's words, that the reader may consider the Spectator's rendering

"Si igitur non poterit sive causas defensitare sive populum contionibus tenere sive bella gerere, illa tamen praestare debebit, quae erunt in ipsius potestate, justitiam, fidem, liberalitatem, modestiam, temperantiam."

In calling him "the finest author of all antiquity," Addison rates Cicero far more highly than modern opinion would sanction.

P. 216. that clouded majesty which Milton takes notice of. It will be easy to find this beautiful passage in Book IV. of Paradise Lost.

P. 224. Spectator, No. 489. Note the biographical allusions in this hymn. See pp. 239, 242, 243, this volume.

NOTES

ΤΟ

MACAULAY'S ESSAY ON ADDISON.

P. 228. the Laputan flapper. Allusions like this, and like that to Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia, on p. 236, should be understood from direct acquaintance with the books referred to. These are specimens of the reading that the young student of literature must command as the indispensable condition of intelligent progress.

The political and literary history of England during the reigns of William III., of Anne, and of George I. was the subject to which Macaulay's studies had been especially devoted, and of which he was an acknowledged master.

Theobald's. (Pronounce Tibbals.) If you will read Miss Strickland's lives of Queens Elizabeth, Anne of Denmark, and Henrietta Maria, or Miss Aikin's Memoirs of the Reign of James I., you will know what Theobald's was. Good maps of England show Theobald's Park in Hertfordshire. If you have not time to read so much as is indicated above, at least look up, by means of the index, the allusions to Theobald's in Miss Strickland's work.

Steenkirks. See Macaulay's account of the battle of Steenkirk in Chap. XIX. of the History.

P. 230. the Biographia Britannica. See Adams' Dict. of Eng. Lit., but especially Cowper's lines, "On observing some names of little note recorded in the Biographia Britannica."

the Charter House. See Hare's Walks in London, and the article "Carthusians" in Encyclo. Brit.

P. 231. Magdalene. (Pronounce Maudlin.)

P. 233. Charles Montague, who was then Chancellor of the Exchequer. The reader must bear in mind that it is precisely

this period of English history that is treated by Macaulay in his History of England. It will be found very interesting to look up in this, by means of the index, the careers of such men as Montague and Somers. On the constitution of the British Cabinet, and the functions and titles of its members, consult Albany de Fonblanque's little book, How we are Governed.

the Newdigate prize, or the Seatonian prize. In Macaulay's essay on Moore's Life of Lord Byron is a short paragraph that fully explains the former of these allusions. The Seatonian prize was founded at Cambridge, by the Rev. Thomas Seaton, for the best English poem on a subject "to be most conducive to the honor of the Supreme Being and the recommendation of virtue."

P. 235. a critical preface to the Georgics. This is well worth looking up and reading. The Georgics may be read in numerous English versions. The enterprising reader will find pleasure in comparing Dryden's couplets, Conington's prose, and the peculiarly charming metrical translation by Harriet Waters Preston.

P. 236. Charles Montague and Lord Chancellor Somers. Do not fail to read the pages on these men in Chap. XX. of Macaulay's History.

the Press had been controlled by censors. See a very interesting paragraph near the beginning of Chap. XXI. of Macaulay's History.

P. 237. He had addressed the most polished, etc. These lines constitute an introduction to the Poem to His Majesty, mentioned on p. 233. Find them on p. 3 of Vol. I. of the Bohn Addison.

P. 238. lines written on the glasses of the Kit Cat Club. The Kit Cat Club is abundantly described on pp. 676-678 of Vol. VI. of the Bohn Addison. Do not misinterpret the expression, "written on the glasses."

P. 239. the ode, "How are thy servants blest, O Lord!" See p. 224 of this book.

Book of Gold. It is with Venice, rather than with Genoa, that the Golden Book, the register or directory of patrician citizens, is chiefly associated. Yet the expression is sometimes generalized, and made to apply, not only to the other Italian republics, as here by Macaulay, but also to other countries than Italy. The

Libro d'Oro of Venice was an actual book, and has its place in Venetian bibliography. The young student can look up the subject in Edmund Flagg's Venice, the City of the Sea. The overthrow of the Republic of Venice by Napoleon, in 1797, was signalized by the burning of the Golden Book in effigy at the foot of a French liberty-tree erected in the Piazza of St. Mark. This is an interesting subject for a little historical research. See Brewer's Historic Note Book, under "Golden Book."

P. 241. The temples of Paestum. You may read a pleasing chapter on this subject in John Addington Symonds's Sketches in Italy.

P. 242. The great kingdom. See Chap. XXIII. of Macaulay's History. See, also, his essay on Mahon's History of the War of the Succession in Spain. Look up the subject in Freeman's Historical Geography of Europe, Chap. XII., Sec. 3.

the Tory fox-hunter. See p. 149.

P. 243. the Duke of Shrewsbury. See Chap. XXII. of the History.

Eugene had already descended, etc. To understand the military and political events here referred to, see the histories of the War of the Spanish Succession. For a brief account, see Richard Lodge's History of Modern Europe, in the Students' Series, Chap. XIII., Sec. 24.

P. 245. Manchester was deprived of the seals. The office from which Manchester was removed was that of "principal Secretary of State.”

P. 246. Godolphin had been appointed lord treasurer by Queen Anne in 1702.

Newmarket. See Encyclo. Brit. See, also, very interesting accounts of Newmarket and its dissipations, in Chaps. XXI. and XXIII. of Macaulay's History.

P. 248. The Campaign. Do not fail to look up this poem in Addison's works; it is interesting. Look up, also, in Johnson's Life of Addison, in the Lives of the English Poets, the passage referred to below.

P. 249. the Lifeguardsman Shaw. Shaw, who had already attained notoriety as a pugilist, became famous by his prowess in the battle of Waterloo, where he fought as corporal in the Second Lifeguards. The story of his valor is variously told by the histo