The general grant of legislative power, contained in the state Constitution, does not authorize the legislature to take private property in the exercise of eminent domain, without the consent of the owner, for any but a public object. Gilbert v. Foote (N. Y.) cited in White v. White, 5 Barb. 483; People ex rel. Herrick v. Smith, 21 N. Y. 598; Re Townsend, 39 N. Y. 171; Re Ryers, 72 N. Y. 1, 28 Am. Rep. 88; Re Deansville Cemetery Asso. 66 N. Y. 569, 23 Am. Rep. 86; Re Niagara Falls & W. R. Co. 108 N. Y. 375, 15 N. E. 429; Re Split Rock Cable Road Co. 128 N. Y. 408, 28 N. E. 506; Re New York, 135 N. Y. 253, 31 Am. St. Rep. 825, 31 N. E. 1043; Re Burns, 155 N. Y. 23, 49 N. E. 246; Missouri P. R. Co. v. Nebraska, 164 U. S. 403, 41 L. ed. 489, 17 Sup. Ct. Rep. 130; Cincinnati Street R. Co. v. Snell, 193 U. S. 30, 48 L. ed. 604, 24 Sup. Ct. Rep. 319; Gulf, C. & S. F. R. Co. v. Ellis, 165 U. S. 150, 41 L. ed. 666, 17 Sup. Ct. Rep. 255; Brewster v. J. & J. Rogers Co. 169 N. Y. 73, 58 L.R.A. 495, 62 N. E. 164; Muhlker v. New York & H. R. Co. 197 U. S. 567, 49 L. ed. 876, 25 Sup. Ct. Rep. 522; Brevoort v. Grace, 53 N. Y. 245; People v. Fisher, 190 N. Y. 468, 83 N. E. 482; Re New York C. & H. R. R. Co. 77 N. Y. 248; Oneonta Light & P. Co. v. Schwarzenbach, 164 App. Div. 548, 150 N. Y. Supp. 76; Ontario Knitting Co. v. New York, 147 App. Div. 316, 131 N. Y. Supp. 918, affirmed in 205 N. Y. 409, 98 N. E. 909; Rome v. Whitestown Waterworks Co. 113 App. Div. 547, 100 N. Y. Supp. 357, affirmed in 187 N. Y. 542, 80 N. E. 1106; Cole v. La Grange, 113 U. S. 1, 28 L. ed. 896, 5 Sup. Ct. Rep. 416; Fletcher v. Peck, 6 Cranch, 87, 135, 3 L. ed. 162, 177; Terrett v. Taylor, 9 Cranch, 52, 3 L. ed. 653; Pawlet v. Clark, 9 Cranch, 292, 3 L. ed. 735; Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 4 Wheat. 695, 4 L. ed. 673. Chapter 947 of the Laws of 1920, in conjunction with chapter 942 and chapter 951 of the Laws of 1920, which are in pari materia, is unconstitutional and void so far as the same affects leases made before these statutes took effect, as being an illegal impairment of the obligation of contract, contrary to § 10 of art. 1 of the Constitution of the United States.

Cooley, Const. Lim. 6th ed. p. 444: Gilman v. Tucker, 128 N. Y. 190, 13 L.R.A. 304, 26 Am. St. Rep. 464, 28 N. E. 1040; 1 Bl. Com. Chase's ed. 141;

4 L. ed. 551; Von Hoffman v. Quincy, 4 Wall. 535, 18 L. ed. 403; Green v. Biddle, 8 Wheat. 1, 5 L. ed. 547; 6 Columbia L. Rev. 262, 263; Planters' Bank v. Sharp, 6 How. 301, 12 L. ed. 447; Edwards v. Kearzey, 96 U. S. 601, 604, 24 L. ed. 796, 797; Barnitz v. Beverly, 163 U. S. 123, 41 L. ed. 98, 16 Sup. Ct. Rep. 1042; Bedford v. Eastern Bldg. & L. Asso. 181 U. S. 227, 45 L. ed. 834, 21 Sup. Ct. Rep. 597; Bradley v. Lightcap, 195 U. S. 1, 49 L. ed. 65, 24 Sup. Ct. Rep. 748; Louisiana v. New Orleans, 102 U. S. 203, 26 L. ed. 132; Louisiana v. Pilsbury, 105 U. S. 301, 26 L. ed. 1098; Louisiana v. Jumel, 107 U. S. 750, 27 L. ed. 461, 2 Sup. Ct. Rep. 128; Gantly v. Ewing, 3 How. 707, 11 L. ed. 794; Louisiana ex rel. Nelson v. St. Martin's Parish, 111 U. S. 716, 28 L. ed. 574, 4 Sup. Ct. Rep. 648; Kring v. Missouri, 107 U. S. 221, 27 L. ed. 506, 2 Sup. Ct. Rep. 413; McGahey v. Virginia, 135 U. S. 662, 34 L. ed. 304, 10 Sup. Ct. Rep. 972.

Chapters 944, 945, 947, and 951 are, and each of them is, void, because they deprive the owners of private property of all rights and remedies which are essential to the existence of ownership, thereby violating the 14th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States and art. 1, § 6, of the Constitution of the state of New York.

Green v. Biddle, 8 Wheat. 1, 5 L. ed. 547; Lochner v. New York, 198 U. S. 45, 53, 49 L. ed. 937, 940, 25 Sup. Ct. Rep. 539, 3 Ann. Cas. 1133; People ex rel. Manhattan Sav. Inst. v. Otis, 90 N. Y. 48; Brown v. New Jersey, 175 U. S. 172, 44 L. ed. 119, 20 Sup. Ct. Rep. 77; Ex parte Reggel, 114 U. S. 642, 29 L. ed. 250, 5 Sup. Ct. Rep. 1148, 5 Am. Crim. Rep. 218; Iowa C. R. Co. v. Iowa, 160 U. S. 389, 40 L. ed. 467, 16 Sup. Ct. Rep. 344; Chicago, B. & Q. R. Co. v. Chicago, 166 U. S. 226, 41 L. ed. 979, 17 Sup. Ct. Rep. 581; Ochoa v. Hernandez y Morales, 230 U. S. 139, 161, 57 L. ed. 1427, 1437, 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 1033; Muhlker v. New York & H. R. Co. 197 U. S. 544, 570, 49 L. ed. 872, 877, 25 Sup. Ct. Rep. 522; New York v. Pine, 185 U. S. 93, 46 L. ed. 820, 22 Sup. Ct. Rep. 592; Wilkinson v. Leland, 2 Pet. 627, 7 L. ed. 542; Embury v. Conner, 3 N. Y. 511, 53 Am. Dec. 325; Hopper v. Britt, 203 N. Y. 144, 37 L.R.A.(N.S.) 825, 96 N. E. 371, Ann. Cas. 1913B, 172; Cotting v. Kansas City Stock Yards Co. (Cotting v. Godard) 183 U. S. 87, 91, 105, 46 L. ed. 100, 101, 107, 22 Sup. Ct. Rep. 30;

77, 59 L. ed. 1204, 1211, 35 Sup. Ct. Rep. 678; Sligh v. Kirkwood, 237 U. S. 52, 59, 59 L. ed. 835, 837, 35 Sup. Ct. Rep. 501; Noble State Bank v. Haskell, 219 U. S. 104, 113, 55 L. ed. 112, 117, 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1062, 31 Sup. Ct. Rep. 186, Ann. Cas. 1912A, 487; Hudson County Water Co. v. McCarter, 209 U. S. 349, 355, 52 L. ed. 828, 831, 28 Sup. Ct. Rep. 529, 14 Ann. Cas. 560.

Legislation which seeks to relieve a large part of the community, which stands on an unequal bargaining footing with a small and powerful economic group, has been increasing. An academic assertion of equality in the face of practical conditions of inequality is a fallacious theory. Supposed volition cloaks actual duress. Compulsion is present as a fact where there appears none in legal principle. An overpowered will is merely yielding to a fictitious

assent.

Holden v. Hardy, 169 U. S. 366, 395, 42 L. ed. 780, 792, 18 Sup. Ct. Rep. 383; Knoxville Iron Co. v. Harbison, 183 U. S. 13, 19, 46 L. ed. 55, 60, 22 Sup. Ct. Rep. 1; Griffith v. Connecticut, 218 U. S. 563, 54 L. ed. 1151, 31 Sup. Ct. Rep. 132; Erie R. Co. v. Williams, 233 U. S. 685, 58 L. ed. 1155, 51 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1097, 34 Sup. Ct. Rep. 761; McLean v. Arkansas, 211 U. S. 539, 53 L. ed. 315, 29 Sup. Ct. Rep. 206; Mutual Loan Co. v. Martell, 222 U. S. 225, 56 L. ed. 175, 32 Sup. Ct. Rep. 74, Ann. Cas. 1913B, 529; Stettler v. O'Hara, 69 Or. 519, L.R.A.1917C, 944, 139 Pac. 743, Ann. Cas. 1916A, 217, affirmed in 243 U. S. 629, 61 L. ed. 937, 37 Sup. Ct. Rep. 475; Patterson v. The Eudora, 190 U. S. 169, 47 L. ed. 1002, 23 Sup. Ct. Rep. 821.

Legislative limitation on the use of real property in accordance with the owner's volition has been recognized as constitutional in increasingly numerous instances.

Lincoln Trust Co. v. Williams Bldg. Corp. 229 N. Y. 313, 128 N. E. 209; Ex parte Quong Wo, 161 Cal. 220, 118 Pac. 714; St. Louis Gunning Advertising Co. v. St. Louis, 235 Mo. 99, 137 S. W. 929, affirmed in 249 U. S. 269, 63 L. ed. 599, 39 Sup. Ct. Rep. 274; Thomas Cusack Co. v. Chicago, 242 U. S. 526, 61 L. ed. 472, L.R.A.1918A, 136, 37 Sup. Ct. Rep. 190, Ann. Cas. 1917C, 594; Welch v. Swasey, 214 U. S. 91, 53 L. ed. 923, 29 Sup. Ct. Rep. 567; Re Wilshire, 103 Fed. 620; Rochester v. West, 164 N. Y. 510, 53 L.R.A. 548, 79 Am. St. Rep. 659, 58 N. E. 673; Green v. Savannah, 6 Ga. 1; Tenement House

Dept. v. Moeschen, 179 N. Y. 325, 70 L.R.A. 704, 103 Am. St. Rep. 910, 72 N. E. 231, 1 Ann. Cas. 439.

We cannot strip the legislators of their powers of foresight and perspicacity.

Chinese Exclusion Case, 130 U. S. 581, 605, 32 L. ed. 1068, 1075, 9 Sup. Ct. Rep. 623.

On this principle, coercive measures may be passed to curb imminent or possible disorders. It is in the interest of the public order, and to stave off threatened conflict and clashes, that legislation separating races is justified.

Harris v. Louisville, 165 Ky. 567, 177 S. W. 472, Ann. Cas. 1917B, 149; Hopkins v. Richmond, 117 Va. 723, 86 S. E. 139, Ann. Cas. 1917D, 1114; Berea College v. Kentucky, 211 U. S. 45, 53 L. ed. 81, 29 Sup. Ct. Rep. 33; Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U. S. 537, 41 L. ed. 256, 16 Sup. Ct. Rep. 1138.

And to maintain amicable relations and domestic peace, laws promotive of order and good will among the inhabitants have been upheld as a proper sphere of legislative activity.

Love v. Judge of Recorder's Ct. (Love v. Phalen) 128 Mich. 545, 55 L.R.A. 618, 87 N. W. 785; Dabbs v. State, 39 Ark. 353, 43 Am. Rep. 275; Thorpe v. Rutland & B. R. Co. 27 Vt. 140, 62 Am. Dec. 625.

Neither the contract clause nor the due process clause of the Federal Constitution is superior to the exercise of the police power of the state.

Atlantic Coast Line R. Co. v. Goldsboro, 232 U. S. 548, 558, 58 L. ed. 721, 726, 34 Sup. Ct. Rep. 364; Chicago & A. R. Co. v. Tranbarger, 238 U. S. 67, 77, 59 L. ed. 1204, 1211, 35 Sup. Ct. Rep. 678; Chicago, B. & Q. R. Co. v. Illinois, 200 U. S. 561, 50 L. ed. 596, 26 Sup. Ct. Rep. 341, 4 Ann. Cas. 1175; Ex parte Milligan, 4 Wall. 2, 127, 18 L. ed. 281, 296; Martin v. Mott, 12 Wheat. 19, 6 L. ed. 537; United States v. Diekelman, 92 U. S. 520, 526, 23 L. ed. 742, 745; Luther v. Borden, 7 How. 45, 12 L. ed. 600; Otis v. Parker, 187 U. S. 606, 47 L. ed. 323, 23 Sup. Ct. Rep. 168; Noble State Bank v. Haskell, 219 U. S. 104, 55 L. ed. 112, 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1062, 31 Sup. Ct. Rep. 186, Ann. Cas. 1912A, 487; Chicago, B. & Q. R. Co. v. McGuire, 219 U. S. 549, 569, 55 L. ed. 328, 339, 31 Sup. Ct. Rep. 259; People v. Griswold, 213 N. Y. 96, L.R.A.1915D, 538, 106 N. E. 929; Granger Cases (Munn v. Illinois) 94 U. S. 113, 24 L. ed. 77; Budd v. New York, 143 U. S. 517, 36 L. ed. 247, 4 Inters.

Com. Rep. 45, 12 Sup. Ct. Rep. 468; Ex, parte Quong Wo, 161 Cal. 220, 118 Pac. 714; L'Hote v. New Orleans, 177 U. S. 587, 44 L. ed. 899, 20 Sup. Ct. Rep. 788; Tenement House Dept. v. Moeschen, 179 N. Y. 325, 70 L.R.A. 704, 103 Am. St. Rep. 910, 72 N. E. 231, 1 Ann. Cas. 439; Mugler v. Kansas, 123 U. S. 623, 31 L. ed. 205, 8 Sup. Ct. Rep. 273; Burke v. Memphis, 94 Tenn. 692, 30 S. W. 742; Mt. Vernon-Woodberry Cotton Duck Co. v. Alabama Interstate Power Co. 240

U. S. 30, 60 L. ed. 507, 36 Sup. Ct. Rep, 234; Welch v. Swasey, 214 U. S. 91, 53 L. ed. 923, 29 Sup. Ct. Rep. 567; Reinman v. Little Rock, 237 U. S. 171, 59 L. ed. 900, 35 Sup. Ct. Rep. 511; Hadacheck v. Sebastian, 239 U. S. 394, 60 L. ed. 348, 36 Sup. Ct. Rep. 143, Ann. Cas. 1917B, 927; Green v. Savannah, 6 Ga. 1; People ex rel. Rayland Realty Co. v. Fagan, 194 App. Div. 185, 186 N. Y. Supp. 23; Barbier v. Connolly, 113 U. S. 27, 28 L. ed. 923, 5 Sup. Ct. Rep. 357; Connolly v. Union Sewer Pipe Co. 184 U. S. 558, 46 L. ed. 689, 22 Sup. Ct. Rep. 431; Edgar A. Levy Leasing Co. v. Siegel, 194 App. Div. 482, 186 N. Y. Supp. 5; Stewart v. Hutchins, 13 Wend. 486, affirmed in 6 Hill, 143; Titcomb v. Fonda, J. & G. R. Co. 38 Misc. 630, 78 N. Y. Supp. 226; Berdell v. Berdell, 33 Hun, 535; Murray v. Walker, 31 N. Y. 399; Carr v. Carr, 52 N. Y. 251.

An act may be constitutional at one time and unconstitutional at another, when the conditions vary.

Lincoln Gas & E. L. Co. v. Lincoln, 250 U. S. 256, 63 L. ed. 968, 39 Sup. Ct. Rep. 454; Minnesota Rate Cases (Simpson v. Shepard) 230 U. S. 352, 473, 57 L. ed. 1511, 1571, 48 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1151, 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 729, Ann. Cas. 1916A, 18; Willcox v. Consolidated Gas Co. 212 U. S. 19, 54, 53 L. ed. 382, 400, 48 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1134, 29 Sup. Ct. Rep. 192, 15 Ann. Cas. 1034; Municipal Gas Co. v. Public Service Commission, 225 N. Y. 89, P.U.R.1919C, 364, 121 N. E. 772.

Messrs. Robert S. Johnstone and

John Caldwell Myers filed a brief for appellee Edward Swann:

Chapter 951 of New York Laws of 1920 is a valid exercise of the state's police power.

Price v. Illinois, 238 U. S. 446, 451, 59 L. ed. 1400, 1404, 35 Sup. Ct. Rep. 892; Sligh v. Kirkwood, 237 U. S. 55, 59, 59 L. ed. 835, 837, 35 Sup. Ct. Rep. 501; Chicago & A. R. Co. v. Tranbarger, 238 U. S. 67, 59 L. ed. 1204, 35 Sup. Ct. Rep. 678; Manigault v. Springs, 199 U.

S. 473, 480, 50 L. ed. 274, 278, 26 Sup. Ct. Rep. 127; Tenement House Dept. v. Moeschen, 179 N. Y. 325, 70 L.R.A. 704, 103 Am. St. Rep. 910, 72 N. E. 231, 1 Ann. Cas. 439.

Mr. William D. Guthrie argued the cause, and, with Messrs. Julius Henry Cohen, Elmer G. Sammis, and Bernard Hershkopf, filed a brief for the Attorney General of New York as amicus

curiæ:

reasonable, and not arbitrary. The two-year period of suspension was

Rast v. Van Deman & L. Co. 240 U.

S. 342, 357, 60 L. ed. 679, 687, L.R.A. 1917A, 421, 36 Sup. Ct. Rep. 370, Ann. Cas. 1917B, 455; Hebe Co. v. Shaw, 248 U. S. 297, 303, 63 L. ed. 255, 258, 39 Sup. Ct. Rep. 125: Price v. Illinois, 238 U. S. 446, 452, 59 L. ed. 1400, 1405, 35 Sup. Ct. Rep. 892; Stubbe v. Adamson, 220 N. Y. 459, 116 N. E. 372.

A law may be within the pale of constitutional authority when originally passed, yet, because of its future operations, it may directly contravene the organic law.

Castle v. Mason, 91 Ohio St. 296, 110 N. E. 463, Ann. Cas. 1917A, 164; Sulli64 L. ed. 205, 209, 40 Sup. Ct. Rep. 102; van v. Shreveport, 251 U. S. 169, 171, Hamilton v. Kentucky Distilleries & Warehouse Co. 251 U. S. 146, 162, 64 L. ed. 194, 202, 40 Sup. Ct. Rep. 106; Johnson v. Gearlds, 234 U. S. 422, 446, 58 L. ed. 1383, 1393, 34 Sup. Ct. Rep. 794; Perrin v. United States, 232 U. S. 478, 486, 58 L. ed. 691, 695, 34 Sup. Ct. Rep. 387; Municipal Gas Co. v. Public Service Commission, 225 N. Y. 89, P.U.R.1919C, 364, 121 N. E. 772.

of statutes passed in the exercise of the In determining the constitutionality police power, the courts have invariably attached much weight to examples of analogous legislation in other countries, enacted in order to remedy similar acute conditions, or to meet similar governmental problems.

Muller v. Oregon, 298 U. S. 412, 419, 420, 52 L. ed. 551, 555, 28 Sup. Ct. Rep. 324, 13 Ann. Cas. 957; People v. Charles Schweinler Press, 214 N. Ý. 395, L.R.A. 1918A, 1124, 108 N. E. 639, Ann. Cas. 1916D, 1059.

Neither the contract clause nor the due process clause of the Constitution abridges the power or duty of the legislature to enact appropriate and necessary laws in order to protect and safeguard the health, safety, order, morals, or general welfare of the public.

Hadacheck v. Sebastian, 239 U. S. 394, 409, 410, 60 L. ed. 348, 356, 36 Sup. Ct. Rep. 143, Ann. Cas. 1917B, 927; People ex rel. Nechamcus v. Warden, 144 N. Y. 529, 27 L.R.A. 718, 39 N. E. 686; Legal Tender Cases, 12 Wall. 457, 551, 20 L. ed. 287, 312; Producers Transp. Co. v. Railroad Commission, 251 U. S. 228, 231, 64 L. ed. 239, 242, P.U.R. 1920C, 574, 40 Sup. Ct. Rep. 131; Union Dry Goods Co. v. Georgia Pub. Serv. Corp. 248 U. S. 372, 377, 63 L. ed. 309, 311, 9 A.L.R. 1420, P.U.R.1919C, 60, 39 Sup. Ct. Rep. 117; Texas & N. O. R. Co. v. Miller, 221 U. S. 408, 414, 55 L. ed. 789, 795, 31 Sup. Ct. Rep. 534; Louisville & N. R. Co. v. Mottley, 219 U. S. 467, 482, 55 L. ed. 297, 303, 34 L.R.A. (N.S.) 671, 31 Sup. Ct. Rep. 265; Manigault v. Springs, 199 U. S. 473, 480, 50 L. ed. 274, 278, 26 Sup. Ct. Rep. 127; Chicago, B. & Q. R. Co. v. Nebraska, 170 U. S. 57, 72-74, 42 L. ed. 948, 953, 954, 18 Sup. Ct. Rep. 513; Douglas v. Kentucky, 168 U. S. 488, 497, 42 L. ed. 553, 556, 18 Sup. Ct. Rep. 199; People ex rel. New York v. Nixon, 229 N. Y. 356, 128 N. E. 245; Lincoln Trust Co. v. Williams Bldg. Corp. 229 N. Y. 313, 128 N. E. 209; People ex rel. South Glens Falls v. Public Service Commission, 225 N. Y. 216, P.U.R.1919C, 374, 121 N. E. 777; Anderson v. Steinway & Sons, 178 App. Div. 507, 165 N. Y. Supp. 608, affirmed in 221 N. Y. 639, 117 N. E. 575; People ex rel. Publicity Leasing Co. v. Ludwig, 172 App. Div. 71, 158 N. Y. Supp. 208, affirmed in 218 N. Y. 540, 113 N. E. 532; Buffalo East Side R. Co. v. Buffalo Street R. Co. 111 N. Y. 132, 2 L.R.A. 384, 19 N. E. 63; Van Rensselaer v. Snyder, 13 N. Y. 299; Boret v. L. Vogelstein & Co. 188 App. Div. 605, 177 N. Y. Supp. 402; Kuenzli v. Stone, 112 Misc. 125, 182 N. Y. Supp. 680; New York v. Herdje, 68 App. Div. 370, 74 N. Y. Supp. 104; Salem v. Maynes, 123 Mass. 372; Knoxville v. Bird, 12 Lea, 121, 47 Am. Rep. 326; 12 C. J. 991-993; McLean v. Arkansas, 211 U. S. 539, 545, 53 L. ed. 315, 318, 29 Sup. Ct. Rep. 206; Rail & River Coal Co. v. Ohio Industrial Commission, 236 U. S. 338, 349, 59 L. ed. 607, 615, 35 Sup. Ct. Rep. 359; Eberle v. Michigan, 232 U. S. 700, 707, 58 L. ed. 803, 806, 34 Sup. Ct. Rep. 464; Tenement House Dept. v. Moeschen, 179 N. Y. 325, 70 L.R.A. 704, 103 Am. St. Rep. 910, 72 N. E. 231, 1 Ann. Cas. 439; Cockcroft v. Mitchell, 187 App. Div. 189, 173 N. Y. Supp. 903; Re Wilshire, 103 Fed. 620; Chicago, B. & Q. R. Co. v. Illinois, 200 U. S. 561, 594, 50 L. ed. 596,

610, 26 Sup. Ct. Rep. 341, 4 Ann. Cas. 1175; Hannah & Hogg v. Clyne, 263 Fed. 599; Green v. Savannah, 6 Ga. 1; Noble State Bank v. Haskell, 219 U. S. 104, 111, 55 L. ed. 112, 116, 32 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1062, 31 Sup. Ct. Rep. 186, Ann. Cas. 1912A, 487; People v. Griswold, 213 N. Y. 92, L.R.A.1915D, 538, 106 N. E.29; Armour & Co. v. North Dakota, 240 U. S. 510, 513, 60 L. ed. 771, 774, 36 Sup. Ct. Rep. 440, Ann. Cas. 1916D, 548; Chicago, B. & Q. R. Co. v. McGuire, 219 U. S. 549, 569, 55 L. ed. 328, 339, 31 Sup. Ct. Rep. 259; Strickley v. Highland Boy Min. Co. 200 U. S. 527, 531, 50 L. ed. 581, 583, 26 Sup. Ct. Rep. 301; Clark v. Nash, 198 U. S. 361, 49 L. ed. 1085, 25 Sup. Ct. Rep. 676, 4 Ann. Cas. 1171; People v. Cannon, 139 N. Y. 32, 36 Am. St. Rep. 668, 34 N. E. 759; Sackheim v. Pigueron, 215 N. Y. 62, 109 N. E. 109; Mobile, J. & K. C. R. Co. v. Turnipseed, 219 U. S. 35, 42, 55 L. ed. 78, 80, 32 L.R.A. (N.S.) 226, 31 Sup. Ct. Rep. 136, Ann. Cas. 1912A, 463, 2 N. C. C. A. 243; American Land Co. v. Zeiss, 219 U. S. 47, 60, 55 L. ed. 82, 94, 31 Sup. Ct. Rep. 200; Wilson v. New, 243 U. S. 332, 347, 348, 61 L. ed. 755, 773, 774, L.R.A.1917E, 938, 37 Sup. Ct. Rep. 298, Ann. Cas. 1918A, 1024; Bowditch v. Boston, 101 U. S. 16, 18, 19, 25 L. ed. 980, 981; Edmonson v. Ferguson, 11 Mo. 344; Breitenbach v. Bush, 44 Pa. 313, 84 Am. Dec. 442; Hoffman V. Charlestown Five Cents Sav. Bank, 231 Mass. 324, 121 N. E. 15; C. A. Weed & Co. v. Lockwood, C. C. A., 266 Fed. 785.

a

It is not necessary that persons subjected to regulation should have monopoly, though that element, if it existed, served to emphasize their capacity to do public harm at will; or that they should enjoy a special privilege or franchise, though that might serve to make clearer their duty to the public.

Munn v. Illinois, 94 U. S. 113, 24 L. ed. 77; Budd v. New York, 143 U. S. 517, 36 L. ed. 247, 4 Inters. Com. Rep. 45, 12 Sup. Ct. Rep. 468; Brass v. North Dakota, 153 U. S. 391, 38 L. ed. 757, 4 Inters. Com. Rep. 670, 14 Sup. Ct. Rep. 857; German Alliance Ins. Co. v. Lewis, 233 U. S. 389, 411, 58 L. ed. 1011, 1021, L.R.A.1915C, 1189, 34 Sup. Ct. Rep. 612; Oklahoma Operating Co. v. Love, 252 U. S. 331, 337, 338, 64 L. ed. 596, 599, 600, 40 Sup. Ct. Rep. 338; Mobile v. Yuille, 3 Ala. 140, 36 Am. Dec. 441; Louisiana Bread Case (Guillotte v. New Orleans) 12 La. Ann. 432.

From time immemorial the government of England has exercised the pow