cal notices of the most remarkable | the Alps and in Upper Italy, and the amongst the Persian poets. In 1846 results of his observations are conshe published "A Tour to and from tained in his " Geological Letters from Venice, by the Vaudois and the the Alps" (1850). In geology Cotta Tyrol;" in 1847 the biography of follows, especially in the small trea"Jacques Cœur, the French Argo- tise on the "Inner Structure of naut," made its appearance; and in Mountains" (1851), in general, the 1848 Miss Costello wrote another Plutonic theory. He advocates a work of fiction, called "Clara Fane." progressive development of terrestrial In 1853 she published the "Memoirs | bodies, in accordance with the natural of Mary the young Duchess of Bur- laws, from an original molten state, gundy." Miss Costello's next produc- by a slow process of cooling, with the tion was the biography of "Anne of co-operation of water, air, and organic Brittany" (1855); and in 1856 she life. In his "Letters on Humboldt's published a poem called "The Lay of Kosmos" (1848-51), he extends into the Stork," founded upon a very the organized kingdoms this theory, curious incident which occurred in according to which the higher is deSyria. Since that date, Miss Costello veloped from the lower; and human Las not exercised her pen, except in beings are the ultimate and highest anonymous periodical literature. She development of which we know any. is well known as a song-writer, and | thing. This idea of nature Cotta dethere are, perhaps, few ballads that nominates the empirical idea. He have attained a wider circulation than has written many treatises in addition "Queen of my Soul." to those above cited, with the design of popularizing, as far as possible, the results of his investigations. COTTA, BERNHARD, Geologist, was born at Little-Gillbach, October 24, 1808. His father directed his attention at an early age towards the natural sciences, more especially mineralogy, as he intended that he should make mining his profession. From 1927 to 1831 he studied at the Academy of Mining in Freiberg, where he was appointed professor in 1842. His first production, "The Dendroliths" (1832), gained him reputation as a diligent investigator. From 1832 to 1842 Cotta was engaged, in conjunction with Naumann, in the preparation of the "Geognostic Chart of the Kingdom of Saxony," in twelve sections, of which a part was taken by Cotta alone; and on the remaining portion of the work he was assisted by a elaborateur. During this time he published "Geognostic Wanderings (1836-8), the well-known "Introduction to the Study of Geognosy and Geology" (1838 and 1819), besides COTTON, SIR ARTHUR, KNT., son of the late II. C. Cotton, Esq., and a cousin of Viscount Combermere, was born in 1803, and was educated at Addiscombe. He entered the Madras army in 1819, and became Colonel of Engineers in 1854. He served in the Burmese war. In 1861 he received the honour of knighthood for his activity in developing the cottongrowing faculties of India, and was entertained at a public dinner before returning to the East. COTTON, THE VERY REV. HENRY, D.C.L., Dean of Lismore and Archdeacon of Cashel, was born about the year 1790, and educated at Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1811, and subsequently proceeded to his other degrees. He is known as the author of "Fasti Ecclesiæ Hibernica," being an account of the succession of the prelates and members of cathedral At the con- bodies in Ireland, of which several parts have been published (1815-62). He is also the author of the "Typographical Gazetteer" (8vo., 2nd edition, corrected and much enlarged, several minor essays. 1831); "A List of Editions of the | being one of the best and most inde Bible (in English, 2nd edition, corrected and enlarged, 8vo., 1852); "The Five Books of Maccabees" (in English, with notes and illustrations, 8vo., 1833); and "Rheims and Douay an attempt to show what has been done by Roman Catholics for the Diffusion of the Holy Scriptures" (in English, 8vo., 1855). : COTTON, SIR SYDNEY, K.C.B., a son of H. C. Cotton, Esq., and cousin to Lord Combermere, was born in 1792. He entered the army in 1810. In command of a troop of the 22nd Light Dragoons, this officer served, in 1816, on the banks of the Toomboodra river, in the Madras Presidency, with a force in the field for the suppression of the Pindarees; and again in 1812 and 1843 under Sir Charles Napier in Scinde, for which latter service he received batta, and also shared in the booty taken in the campaigns of that distinguished general. On two separate occasions Sir Sidney Cotton commanded, successfully, expeditions of four or five thousand men against the warlike tribes in the hills, beyond the Peshawar border, and against a Hindustanee colony of fanatics, who had taken up a position in those hills for the purpose of disturbing the British frontier. He also commanded the 22nd Regiment in an expedition in 1854 against the Affreedees in the Bori country. He became colonel in 1854, and served with the rank of major-general in India during the mutiny of 1857-8, and was nominated in 1858 a K.C.B., in recognition of his valuable services in that capacity; holding in subjection, by determined and resolute measures of external and internal discipline, a force of 9,700 Hindustanee troops, and in abeyance, the turbulent and disaffected tribes within and beyond the frontier of the British territory. Sir S. Cotton moreover received the thanks of the Government of India, and her Majesty was pleased to award him the annuity granted "for distinguished and meritorious services." Sir S. Cotton bears the reputation of fatigable disciplinarians in the army. COUSIN, VICTOR, an eminent Metaphysical Philosopher, was born the 28th November, 1792, in Paris, where his father was a watchmaker. He was for some time a tutor at the École Normale, where he subsequently held the professorship of philosophy. In 1812 he published his celebrated French translation of Plato, and in 1815 was appointed by Royer Collard to deliver lectures on the history of philosophy in the Faculté des Lettres of the University. On the return of Napoleon from Elba, he enrolled himself in the royalist volunteers, but he could not conceal his disgust with the Bourbons, and in 1820 he received peremptory orders to discontinue his lectures. Restored thus to leisure, he applied himself to philosophical researches, and shortly afterwards published the inedited writings of Proclus, and a complete edition of the works of Descartes, in 9 vols. He also conducted the education of the son of the duke of Montebello, with whom, in 1824-5, he travelled in Germany. His freedom of speech made him there an object of suspicion, and at the instance of the Prussian Government he was arrested at Dresden, and car. ried to Berlin. After a brief impi sonment he was allowed to depart for Paris. In 1828 he was permitted to resume his lectures, and continued to deliver them until Louis Philippe made Guizot a minister, when Cousin, his friend, became Inspector-General of Education. At the same time he was named Counsellor of State, Member of the Royal Council of Public Instruction, titular professor in the Sorbonne on the retirement of Royer Collard, Member of the French Aca demy, replacing Baron Fourier, and of the Academy of the Moral and Political Sciences, Director of the Normal School, and peer of France. Under the brief administration of M. Thiers he was six months Minister of Public Instruction. The philoso phical career of Cousin exhibits s singular progress through almost COUSINS-COWIE. He started by teaching the existence of the Ideas of his favourite Plato, and then became the approving expositor of Scotch philosophy. Presently he was enthusiastic for Kant and the Critical school of philosophy, which he abandoned for the Alexandrian Proclus, who, in turn, was forsaken for Hegel and Schelling. In his later works, M. Cousin justifies himself by professing an impartial and universal eclecticism, which seeks truth wherever it is to be found, and regards all good 28 but truth in an incomplete form. His other published works are, "Philosophical Fragments” (1826); “New Fragments" (1829); "A Course of Moral Philosophy" (6 vols., 1815-20), including the "History of Modern Philosophy," the "Sources of Ideas," and the Sensational, the Scotch, and the Critical schools; "Studies of French Ladies and Society in the 17th Century," begun in 1853. Cousin is also the translator of Tenneman's "History of Philosophy" (the abridgment), and editor of the complete works of Abelard. 209 every leading metaphysical system. | rectly. This inheritance, which entitles Miss Coutts to a place among the representative women of her time, was entirely unexpected during her childhood; for the marriage of her grandfather to Miss Mellon, and his gift to her by will of his whole fortune, had apparently diverted it from his family, whose expectations were still further reduced by a union between his widow and the duke of St. Alban's. The duchess, however, having no children of her own, justly determined that the fortune derived from her first husband should revert to his family, and therefore adopted as her heiress Miss Angela Burdett, who succeeded, in 1837, to this vast property, subject to the condition of assuming the additional name and arms of Coutts. The extensive power of benefiting society and her fellowcreatures, which devolved upon her with this bequest, has been fully recognized by its possessor, whose charities are known to have been most extensive. Amongst those of an important character have been the endowment of a bishopric in Adelaide, South Australia, and another at Victoria, in British Columbia, the foundation and endowment of a handsome church and schools in Westminster in 1847, and the erection of a church at Carlisle in 1864. Miss BurdettCoutts has been also a large contributor to a variety of religious and charitable institutions in London, churches, schools, reformatories, penitentiaries, drinking-fountains, model lodging-houses, &c. COUSINS, SAMUEL, R.A., one of the chief mezzotint engravers of the day, was born in May, 1801. He was a pupil of the late Mr. Samuel Reynolds. The plates by which he is best known to the public are the portrait of Master Lambton," after Sir T. Lawrence, generally regarded as Mr. Cousins's finest production; Bolton Abbey," "Blossom and Titania," and "Beauty's Bath"-after Landseer; "The Royal Family," and "The Sailor Prince"-after Winterhalter; besides "The Children of the Marquis of Abercorn," and "The Marquis of Stafford and Lady Evelyn Leveson-Gower." He was elected an AR.A. in 1838, and promoted to the full honours of the Academy in 1855. COUTTS, MISS ANGELA GEORGINA BURDETT, born in April, 1814, is the youngest daughter of the late Sir Francis Burdett, Bart., M.P., and granddaughter, on the maternal side, of Mr. Thomas Coutts, the banker, to whose vast wealth she succeeded indi COWIE, THE REV. BENJAMIN MORGAN, B.D., was born about the year 1817, and was educated at St. John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A., as Senior Wrangler, in 1839, and subsequently became Fellow of his college. In 1844 he was appointed Principal of the College of Civil Engineers at Putney. He was subsequently a Select Preacher in his university, before whom he preached the Hulsean Lectures in 1853 and 1854; he was appointed Professor of Geometry at Gresham College in P 1854, a Minor Canon of St. Paul's in 1858, and he now holds a small incumbency in the city of London. In 1859 he was appointed a Government Inspector of Training Schools. COWLEY, EARL, THE RIGHT HON. HENRY RICHARD CHARLES WELLESLEY, G.C.B., is the only son of the first Baron Cowley (who was a younger brother of the late duke of Wellington), and was born in 1804. He was educated at Eton, and entered the diplomatic service at the usual age, became successively Secretary of Legation, and afterwards Ambassador at the Ottoman Porte, Minister Plenipotentiary to the Swiss Cantons (1848), Minister Plenipotentiary on a special mission at Frankfort (1851), Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Germanic Confederation (1851), and Ambassador at Paris (1852). This post (which was occupied by his father before him) his lordship has held both under the Republic and under the Empire, and his influence is considered to be great with the French emperor. He took part in the conference at Paris in 1856, when he signed the treaty of peace with Prussia on behalf of England jointly with the earl of Clarendon, and he was raised to the earldom for his diplomatic services in the following year. COWPER, THE RIGHT HON. WILLIAM FRANCIS, second son of the fifth earl Cowper, was born in 1811, and was for some years in the army. He became private secretary to Lord Melbourne, and subsequently (having held some inferior posts) a Lord of the Admiralty, and Under- Secretary of State for the Home Department. In August, 1855, he was appointed President of the Board of Health, and in February, 1857, was appointed to the newly-created office of Vice-President of the Committee of the Privy Council on Education; in conjunction with this post he presided over the Board of Health until the resignation of the ministry in 1858; he became, in August, 1859, Vice-President of the Board of Trade, and in February, 1860, First Com missioner of Public Works. Mr. Cowper has represented the borough of Hertford in the Liberal interest since 1835. He was sworn a Privy Councillor in 1855. COX, EDWARD WILLIAM, Barristerat Law, is the eldest son of the late William C. Cox, Esq., and was born in 1809. He was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1843. He was appointed, in 1857, Recorder of Falmouth and Helston. He is the editor and proprietor of the Law Times, and proprietor of the Field, the Queen, and the Clerical Journal newspapers. Mr. Cox is also an active magistrate and deputy-lieutenant for Middlesex. COX, THE REV. GEORGE WIL LIAM, was born about the year 1823, and was educated at Trinity College, Oxford, of which he was Scholar, and where he graduated S.C.L. in 1849, and proceeded B.A. and M.A. 1859. He entered holy orders in 1850, and was curate of Salcombe Regis, Devon, 1850-4, of St. Paul's, Exeter, 1854-9, and held an Assistant-Mastership in Cheltenham College from 1859 to 1863. He is known as the author of Poems, Legendary and Historical" (8vo., London, 1850), Tales from Greek Mythology" (1861), "Tales of the Gods and Heroes" (1862), "Tales of Thebes and Argos" (1863), al also of various papers and essays in magazines and periodical publications. COX, THE REV. JOHN EDMUND, M.A., F.S.A., was born at Norwich in 1812, and was educated at the Nor wich Grammar School, and after. wards as a Bible clerk at All Souls' College, Oxford, where he graduated in 1836. In 1837 he was presented to the perpetual curacy of Aldeby, Norfolk, by Bishop Stanley. In 182 he became minister of St. Mary's Southtown, Great Yarmouth, and was appointed chaplain of the gal at that town. In 1844 he removed to the curacy of St. Dunstan's, Stepney; and in 1849 he was preferred by the dean and chapter of St. Paul's to the vicarage of St. Helen's, Bishops gaté. He edited the "Memoir of Sarah Martin," and is the author of COX. Principles of the Reformation," a "Life of Cranmer," "Life of Luther," "Protestantism Contrasted with Romanism," &c. He has also edited James's "Bellum Papale," James's "Treatise on the Corruption of Scripture," "The Works of Cranmer (for the Parker Society), and other religious and controversial works. Mr. Cox is the Chairman and a Trustee of the Poor Clergy Relief Society, which distributes money and clothes according to the necessities of the clergy and their families. He is also Honorary Chaplain of the Royal Society of Musicians, and of the British Society of Musicians. Mr. Cox was for ten years Chaplain to the Grand Lodge of Freemasons of England, and is now a past Grand Officer of that Order, the charities of which are very large. 211 Hereford was called in question by the clergy in 1847-8. From 1853 to 1858 he represented the clergy of the diocese of St. David in the Lower House of Convocation, and preached the Latin sermon before Convocation at St. Paul's in the latter year. COX, WILLIAM SANDS, F.R.S., F.R.C.S., an eminent surgeon, and the founder of the Queen's College and the Queen's Hospital, Birmingham, is a son of Edward Townsend Cox, of Birmingham, where he was born in the year 1802. He was educated at Webb Street, Guy's and St. Thomas's, London, and in Paris, He became a Member of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1824, and Honorary Fellow in 1843. Having held the post of dresser to the late Sir A. Cooper, Bart., and having received as a student marked consideration from Sir Henry Halford, Bart., Baron Larrey, Dupuytren, Lisfranc, Boyer, and Laennec, he settled in Birmingham in 1825, where he obtained an extensive con COX, THE REV. WILLIAM HAYWARD, B.D., the son of a lieut.-colonel in the army who served in the Peninsula, was born in 1803, and educated at Rugby and at Pem-sulting practice. In 1830 he founded broke College, Oxford, where he gra- the noble institution of Queen's Colduated B.A. in high honours in 1825: lege, and in 1841 the Queen's Hospital, he was elected to an open Fellowship towards which institutions the Rev. at Queen's College in 1829. Having Dr. Samuel Warneford contributed been for many years Vice-Principal of upwards of £25,000, and which quaSt. Mary's Hall, Oxford, under Dr. lify, without residence elsewhere, for Hampden, and rector of Carfax, in the degrees of B.A. and M.A., M.B. that city, and having held several and M.D., LL.B. and LL.D. in the Unihigh public appointments in the university of London; for the diplomas versity, he was appointed, in 1848, of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons Examining Chaplain to the bishop of of London and Edinburgh; for the Hereford (Dr. Hampden), by whom license of the Royal College of Phyhe was presented, in 1854, to the rec-sicians, and of the Society of Apothetory of Eaton Bishop, having pre- caries; for entrance into holy orders; viously held the Crown living of for the examination of the Army, Tenby, to which he was presented by Navy, and India Boards; and, lastly, Lord J. Russell. He is also a pre- for a degree in Civil Engineering, a hendary of Hereford and rural dean. privilege enjoyed under the authority Mr. Cox has been an extensive contri- of the Crown almost exclusively by butor to the North British and the late Queen's College. Mr. Cox is the author Church of England Quarterly reviews, of a Memoir on Amputation at the and is the author of a "Concio ad Hip-joint, illustrated with a successCleram," and some papers in the ful case of nearly twenty years' subseChristian Observer on the report of quent enjoyment of health; of a Sythe Oxford University commissioners nopsis of the bones, &c., of the human in 1553. He also wrote an able pam- body; an introductory Lecture on phiet in defence of Dr. Hampden, the Study of Anatomy and Physiowhen his nomination to the see of logy; clinical Reports on Surgical |