election down to the present date (1864). Mr. Ewart's name is particularly associated with frequent parliamentary efforts in favour of the abolition of capital punishment, and of the establishment of schools of design, and public libraries in towns, free and open to all classes of the community, for the formation of which he succeeded in passing an Act (which bears his name) in 1850.

several reports, the importance which have been universally ackno ledged. He published in 1855 "T World a Workshop," in 1856 "Life Brazil illustrated," in 1858" Though on Matter and Force," a "Things and Scenes in Washington during the same year. He has al written three valuable essays, in 18 and 1861, on the Origin of o Species; and is President of t American Ethnological Society.

EWELL, RICHARD S., a general the Confederate army in America, w born in Virginia in 1821. He pas through a military education a became a cadet in the army in 18 He served through the Mexican ca paign with some distinction, but w at its close only a captain in a d goon regiment. On the outbreak the civil war he espoused the can of the South, and his capacity! military command became so evide that he was forthwith actively e

EWBANK, THOMAS, Commissioner of Patents to the Government of the United States, was born at Barnard Castle, Durham, England, in 1792. When thirteen years old he was apprenticed to a plumber and brassfounder, who seems to have combined in his occupation more than one kind of trade. At twenty years of age the subject of this notice made his way to London, and after many fruitless endeavours to obtain work, employed himself in making cases for preserved meats. During the hours he could spare from his labours, heployed, and rendered very importa indulged a long-entertained craving services, especially when acting und for books, to the purchase of which the renowed "Stonewall" Jacks he regularly devoted a portion of his That officer recognized his da weekly earnings. In a few years he ability, and indefatigable zeal. I was able to become a member of more conduct in the field ever since Str than one literary society, and he com- wall Jackson's melancholy death menced also to do a good business in fully justified this recognition, a his trade. He left it, nevertheless, in the formation of General Rob for the United States in 1819, and the Lee's army for the defence of Re following year became the occupier of mond, when Grant invaded Virg the factory of the celebrated Fulton. in the spring of 1864, to Ewell w In 1820 he opened a manufactory for entrusted the command of one of lead, tin, and copper-tubing in New finest corps d'armée. After parti York, which he carried on until 1836, pating in the successes obtained when he retired to devote himself to the Confederate forces in the ea philosophy and the history of in- part of the campaign, General Ev ventions. In 1842 he published "A was unfortunately incapacitated t Descriptive and Historical Account of service in the field through the effe Hydraulic and other Machines for of a very severe wound in the Raising Water, Ancient and Modern: previously received, much to including the Progressive Develop-regret of the whole army and its ment of the Steam-Engine," which lant chief. met with a very favourable reception. In 1845 Mr. Ewbank visited Brazil, and while preparing for the press his account of that journey, was appointed by President Taylor to the Commissionership of Patents. Since he has been in office he has made

EWING, THOMAS, LL.D., an An rican statesman and jurist, born Ohio county, Virginia, Dec. 28, 1789 the son of an officer who served duri the revolutionary war, at the con sion of which he became much redu in circumstances. Thomas evin

at an early age a great passion for committee a bill for the establishment books, and when twenty years old he of a branch mint in California; advoleft home and worked in the Ka-cated a reduction of postage, river and nawha salt establishment, until he harbour appropriations; and the abosaved up money to enter Ohio Uni- lition of slavery in the district of Coversity. The degree of B.A. was lumbia. In 1851 Mr. Ewing retired conferred on him by this institution from political life to the practice of in 1815. He was admitted to the his profession, his eminence in which Bar in 1816, and for many years as a lawyer and orator equals his repractised with great success. In putation as a statesman. 1831 he was appointed U. S. Senator, and espousing the interests of the Whig party, became associated with Clay and Webster in their resistance to the so-called encroachments of the executive. He supported in his first session Mr. Clay's Protective Tariff Bill, and opposed the nomination of Mr. Van Buren In as envoy to the British court. 1836 he opposed the admission of Michigan, spoke on the French question, the limitation of executive patronage, and the fortification bills, and presented a memorial against slavery and the slave trade in the district of Columbia, which he contended should have a hearing, though himself opposed at that time to granting the prayer of the memorialists. In 1837, his senatorial term having expired, Mr. Ewing resumed the practice of his profession. In 1840 he supported the election of General Harrison to the presidency, and became, on his accession to office, Secretary to the Treasury, a post in which he was retained by President Tyler. On his proposition for the establishment of a national bank, which passed both Houses, being vetoed by the latter, as well as a charter for another bank framed by him on the president's own instructions, he, in common with all the ministers except Mr. Webster, resigned. On the election of General Taylor in 1849, he was appointed to the newly-created Ministry of the Interior. On the accession of Mr. Fillmore, and the appointment of Mr. Corwin to the Treasury, he took that gentleman's seat in the Senate, where he helped to defeat Mr. Clay's compromise bill; reported from the finance

EXETER, THE LORD BISHOP OF, HENRY PHILPOTTS, D.D., a son of the late Mr. Philpotts, a respectable hotelkeeper at Gloucester, was born in that city in May, 1778, and having passed the usual course of education at the College School, Gloucester, was elected at the early age of thirteen years and a half to a scholarship at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. In June, 1795, when only eighteen years of age, he took his degree of B.A., and soon afterwards obtained the Chancellor's Prize for an essay "On the Influence of Religious Principle." Within a few weeks afterwards he was elected a Fellow of Magdalen College, and some time subsequently received the prize offered by the Asiatic Society for a Latin panegyric on the cele brated Oriental scholar Sir William Jones. Having taken his degree of M.A. in due course, Mr. Philpotts, in 1804, married Miss Surtees, a niece of Lady Eldon, and thus resigned his fellowship; he became one of the chaplains of the late Dr. Barrington, bishop of Durham, in 1806. He continued to hold this honour, in the enjoyment of the friendship and confidence of that noble-minded prelate, until his death, twenty years afterwards. It was in 1806 that Mr. Philpotts first distinguished himself in theological controversy, by publishing a defence of an episcopal charge delivered by Dr. Barrington, whose remarks had been unceremoniously attacked by Dr. Lingard, the Roman Catholic historian. Three years afterwards he was made a Prebendary of Durham Cathedral, and with that dignity held the cure of one of the larger parishes in the city of Durham for ten years, when he was preferred to

the rich rectory of Stanhope. In 1821, | gonist. In 1828 Dr. Philpotts was Mr. Philpotts took his degree of D.D., | appointed to the deanery of Chester. and in 1825 he entered upon a controWhen the Roman Catholic emancipa.. versy with Mr. Charles Butler, the tion passed into a law in 1829, it was author of "The Book of the Roman extensively thought that Dr. Philpotts Catholic Church," a work of great approved of the securities proposedplausibility and of considerable talent. and adopted; and he was consequently Dr. Philpotts published his answer in reproached for his supposed inconsist an octavo volume, entitled "Letters ency, in having so powerfully opposed. to Charles Butler, Esq., on the Theo- the scheme of Mr. Canning, and yet logical Parts of his Book of the Roman having approved the equally inefficient Catholic Church, with Remarks on scheme of the duke of Wellington, if certain Works of Dr. Milner and Dr. he had not actually assisted in conLingard, and on some Parts of the cocting it. He patiently bore the load Evidence of Dr. Doyle before the of obloquy thus heaped upon him, Committee of the Houses of Parlia- without publishing anything in his ment." In this very valuable work defence, contenting himself with simthe author handled his subject with ply stating to his friends that, having such power and ability as to gain for consulted Lord Sidmouth and Lord : himself the respect of at least one of Colchester, he considered it his duty his opponents, as evidenced by Mr. not to make public the nature of the Butler's seeking and obtaining an communication which had passed on introduction to him, and afterwards his being consulted by the duke, as cultivating his acquaintance. In the he was bound to consider it strictly ensuing year, Dr. Philpotts followed confidential. In the following year up the controversy by the publication the duke of Wellington recommended of" A Supplemental Letter to Charles him for the bishopric of Exeter, Butler, Esq., on some Parts of the vacant by the translation of Dr. Evidence given by the Irish Roman Bethell. In that position he has Catholic Bishops, particularly by Dr. acted for more than thirty years Doyle, before the Committee of the as the leader of the High Church two Houses of Parliament, in the Ses- party, whose policy he has supported sion of 1825; and also on certain both in and out of Parliament, and Passages in Dr. Doyle's Essay on the whom he has defended in the various Catholic Claims." In the year 1827, controversies which have risen within when the question of Roman Catholic the Established Church during the emancipation occupied so much of past thirty years. In 1849 he re public attention, Dr. Philpotts, con- fused to institute the late Mr. Gorham sistently with his constantly-declared into the living of Brampford Speke, judgment of the necessity of efficacious Devon, though the latter appealed to securities from the Roman Catholics, the Judicial Committee of the Privy issued his "Letter to Mr. Canning,' Council, and obtained a decision in in which were shown the utter worth his favour; and when the archbishop lessness of those which he proposed of Canterbury instituted Mr. Gorham, in the bill of 1825. This powerful he published as a pamphlet a "Letter letter caused very great sensation at to the Archbishop of Canterbury," in the time, and quickly passed through which he "anathematized" his Grace. several editions. It is said that Lord The writings of Bishop Philpotts are Lyndhurst, while Master of the Rolls, almost all controversial, few of them adopted its statements in one of the exceeding a pamphlet in size, and ablest speeches he ever delivered in the list of them occupies sixteen the House of Commons; and that Mr. pages of the new folio catalogue at Canning was so much excited, as to the British Museum. launch forth in an uncommon strain of personal abuse against his anta

EYRE, VINCENT, COLONEL, C.B., of the Bengal Artillery, a member of an

FAED-FAIRBAIRN.

old English family, was born about
the year 1810, and was educated at
the Military College, Addiscombe. He
entered the Bengal Artillery in 1828,
and served in Affghanistan in 1841-2,
and as a volunteer with the Horse
Artillery, during the insurrection in
Cabul, in which he was severely
wounded; he accompanied the army
on their retreat, and was made
prisoner by Akbar Khan for eight
months, but effected his escape to Sir
G. Pollock's camp in September,
1842. In 1843 he published an in-
teresting account of the " 'Military
Operations at Cabul," of the previous
year. He is a skilful practical engi-
neer, as well as an able officer, as is
shown by several scientific inventions
with which his name is identified. He
published, in 1856, a pamphlet on
"Metallic Boats and Floating Wag-
gons for Naval and Military Service;
with Observations on American Life-
preserving Cars."
He also distin-
guished himself during the trying
period of the Indian Mutiny. He is
a Fellow of the Royal Geographical
Society, and of other learned bodies,
and was made a C.B. in 1858, in re-
ward of his Indian services.

295

FAED, THOMAS, Artist (brother of the above), was born at Burley Mill in 1826. His father died in 1844, while Thomas was still in his boyhood; but, aided by his brother, who was working his way to reputation as an artist in Edinburgh, he resolved to follow the bent of his genius, and in 1843 repaired to seek instruction in the Scottish capital. While a student at the School of Design, where for a brief period he was under the tuition of Sir W. Allan, he was annually successful at the competition for prizes in various departments. The earliest work of art he exhibited in public was a drawing in water-colours from the "Old English Baron;" but ere long he commenced oil-painting, exercising his brush on such subjects as draught-players and shepherd boys. At length, after becoming an Associate of the Royal Scottish Academy in 1849, and executing, among other approved works of art, the popular picture of "Scott and his Friends at Abbotsford," Mr. Faed settled himself permanently in London, and began to exhibit at the Royal Academy. In 1855, his work, "The Mitherless Bairn," elicited from critics the praise of being "the picture of the season." In 1856 Mr. Faed exhibited "Home and the Homeless;" and in 1857, "The first Break in the FAED, JOHN, Artist, was born in Family." His more recent pictures 1820, at Burley Mill, in the stewartry are "Sunday in the Backwoods," of Kirkcudbright, where his father" His only Pain," and "From Dawn was an engineer and millwright. He to Sunset." showed an early taste for art, and, encouraged by a successful painting which he finished at the age of twelve, he began to paint miniatures in his own neighbourhood. He repaired to Edinburgh at the age of twenty-one, and in 1850 exhibited there some pictures of humble life, which met with a ready sale. Since that date he has frequently exhibited in the Scottish metropolis. His principal works have been "Shakspeare and his Contemporaries," three series of drawings illustrating "The Cotter's Saturday Night," "Tam O'Shanter," and "The Soldier's Return."

F.

FAIRBAIRN,* THOMAS, the son of Mr. William Fairbairn (whom see), was born in Manchester in 1823, and received a private education. A residence in Italy, extending at various times over many years, afforded him opportunities for the study and appreciation of art, and directed his mind to efforts for the encouragement of it in this country, especially in connection with education. Mr. Thomas Fairbairn was chairman of the Exhibition of the Art Treasures of the United Kingdom at Manchester in 1857. On the occasion of her Majesty's visit to that exhibition, in June of that

FAIRBAIRN-FAIRHOLT.