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the Duke of Buckingham. he edited a complete edition of the "Dramatic Works of Lilly," the Euphuist. His latest work, "Up the Nile," was written and illustrated by himself, and is descriptive of a voyage he made to Egypt in 1861. FAITHFULL, MISS EMILY, daughter of the Rev. Ferdinand Faithfull, was born at Headley Rectory, Surrey, in 1835. She was educated at a school at Kensington, where she early showed that singular firmness and independence which has since characterized her. She was presented at Court in her 21st year, and entered for a short time into the gaieties of London life. On becoming interested in the condition of women, she devoted herself to the extension of their remunerative spheres of labour, and in 1860 collected together a band of female compositors, and, in spite of great difficulties, founded a typographical establishment in Great Coram-street, in which women (as compositors) alone were employed, for which she obtained the approval of her Majesty. Having been able to form a printing business, this office, styled "The Victoria Press," is now carried on, with the aid of steam machinery, in Farring-glass phial. On this he afterwards don-street. Among many other specimens of first-rate workmanship which it has produced, we may particularly notice the "Victoria Regia," dedicated, by special permission, to her Majesty, who was pleased to sig-kindness of Mr. Dance, a member of nify her approbation, by giving a warrant appointing Miss Faithfull printer and publisher in ordinary to her Majesty. In May, 1863, Miss Faithfull commenced a monthly publication, entitled The Victoria Magazine, in which the views she seeks to advocate and the claims of women to remunerative employment are earnestly set forth. She has also established in Princes-street, Hanover-square, a publishing office, with all the appliances of a bookseller, stationer, and bookbinder attached, by which Miss Faithfull hopes still further to promote the abovementioned object.

FARADAY, MICHAEL, F.R.S., was born in the parish of Newington, Surrey, September 22, 1791. father, James Faraday, was a native of Yorkshire, and obtained his livelihood as a working smith. Michael's education as a child was of the most ordinary description, comprising little more than the rudiments of reading, writing, and arithmetic, picked up at a common day-school in the neighbourhood. At thirteen he went to Mr. Riebau, of Blandford-street (to whom he was apprenticed in the following year), to learn the business of a bookseller and bookbinder, and continued to work at that trade till 1812. During his term of apprenticeship a few scientific works had occasionally fallen into his hands; these he read with avidity, and aided by patient study and such rough experiments in chemistry as could be accomplished by a youth with little leisure and still less pocketmoney, he gradually made their contents his own. Among these books were the treatise on "Electricity" in the " Encyclopædia Britannica," and Mrs. Marcet's well-known "Conversations on Chemistry." The perusal of the former led to the construction of his first electrical machine with a

improved by constructing another machine with a proper cylinder, and added other simple apparatus for the purpose of trying a variety of experiments with electricity. Through the

the Royal Institution, and a customer of his master, Mr. Faraday was enabled to attend the last four lectures delivered in that building by Sir Humphry Davy, in the early part of 1812. Of these he took careful notes, from which he afterwards wrote out the lectures in a fuller form, interspersing them with such drawings as he could make in illustration of their contents. His great desire for some scientific occupation, even of the humblest kind, induced him to write in the December following to Sir H. Davy, inclosing his notes and illustrations as a proof of his earnestness

oxygen, and the magnetic relations of flame and gases. His papers include other contributions to the store of modern science too numerous to men. tion here in detail. It should be observed that the "Researches," though termed "Experimental," contain many hypothetical ideas, and many inquiries into theories generally adopted up to their time. Amongst these we may specify the considerations respecting static induction, atmospheric electri city, and also those relating to lines of force, both representative and phy sical, on which, having sufficiently stated his views, he is content to leave them for solution to time and future experience. It should be added that his last hypothetical view relates to the conservation of force, and that his last paper treats of the division of gold and other metals. The researches of Mr. Faraday have been almost en

in the cause of science. The reply was immediate, as well as kind and favourable. Nor was it without its results. Early in the following year, his patron, acting for the managers of the Royal Institution, offered him the situation of Chemical Assistant under himself as Honorary Professor, and Mr. Brande as Professor of Chemistry. This post he accepted, and shortly afterwards entered upon his duties, taking up his abode at the Royal Institution, where he has ever since resided except for a short interval. In the autumn of the same year, Mr. Faraday went abroad as assistant and amanuensis to Sir H. Davy, in whose company he visited France, Italy, Switzerland, the Tyrol, and other parts of the Continent, and returned to England in April, 1815, when he resumed his place at the Royal Institution. After experimenting on various matters of lesser importance, of which he pub-tirely pursued in the Royal Institulished accounts from time to time in different scientific journals, in 1820 he discovered the chlorides of carbon, and in the following year the mutual rotation of a magnetic pole and an electric current. These were strong encouragements to further exertions in his beloved pursuits, and led on to the condensation of the gases in 1823. In 1829 he laboured hard, and, as he thought at the time, fruitlessly on the production of optical glass; but, though unsuccessful in his immediate object, his experiments produced the heavy glass which afterwards proved of immense assistance to him in his magnetical investigations. In 1831 the series of "Experimental Researches in Electricity," published in the "Philosophical Transactions," began with the development of the induction of electric currents and the evolution of electricity from magnetism. Three years later he established the principle of definite electrolytic action, and in 1846 received at one time the Royal and the Rumford medals for his discoveries of dia-magnetism, and of the influence of magnetism upon light respectively. In 1847 he declared the magnetic character of

tion, Albemarle-street, London, where he has delivered lectures on scientific subjects every year since 1827, when he first appeared at the lecture-table in the great theatre. In conjunction with his friend Mr. Brande, he had for some three years previously delivered early morning lectures to students in the laboratory. In 1833, when Mr. Fuller founded the chair of Chemistry, called after his name in the Royal Institution, he nominated Mr. Faraday the first professor, ex pressly desiring that he should hold the chair as long as he was attached to the Institution, without being re quired to give lectures, or having any other duties exacted of him, in con sideration of the value of his researches to the cause of science. In Novem ber, 1835, Professor Faraday received from Lord Melbourne's government a pension of £300 per annum, as a recognition of the importance of his scientific discoveries. In the follow ing year he was appointed scientific adviser on lights to the Trinity House, and in the same year became a member of the Senate of the Univer sity of London. From 1829 to 1812 he was chemical lecturer to the

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cadets at the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich, and is now scientific adviser on lights to the Board of Trade. In 1823 Professor Faraday was elected Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences at Paris. In 1825 he was chosen a Fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1832 the University of Oxford conferred upon him the honorary degree of Doctor of Civil Laws. He is also a knight of the Prussian Order of Merit, a knight of the Italian Order of St. Maurice and Lazarus, and one of the eight foreign associates of the Imperial Academy of Sciences at Paris, where he was also appointed a Commander of the Legion of Honour in 1855. He is likewise a member of many learned and scientific bodies, not only in this country, but also on the Continent and in America.

FARINI, CARLO LUIGI, an Italian statesman and writer, born October 22nd, 1822, at Russi, in the Roman States. He studied medicine at Bologna, and early became noted for bis remarks upon organic disease, and for his essays to scientific journals on subjects connected with his profession. Physician as he was, his soul was devoted to the liberal movements of his country. In 1841, being suspended by the Papal government, he was ordered to leave the States. He afterwards resided in Florence and in Turin, and he visited during the same period the Medical Colleges of France and England. The amnesty accorded by Pope Pius IX. on his accession enabling Farini to return to his native country, he was appointed a professor in the town of Osimo. In 1817 he became pro-minister of the Interior; in 1848 he became member of the Roman Parliament for Faenza; and, the same year, was appointed by Count Rossi director-in-chief of the Sanitary and Prison Department in Rome. Upon the advent of Mazzini and the proclamation of the Roman Republic, Signor Farini removed to Florence. Upon the French intervention he naturally expected to return to his old functions, but the three cardinals who governed in the name

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of the Pope refused to permit this. Many of the energetic measures carried out by Count Cavour are ascribed to Farini's suggestions; and when the approach of the allied troops had forced the duke of Modena to seek a refuge in the Austrian ranks, the Sardinian minister, at the urgent request of the people, confided to the Chevalier Farini the duty of provisionally governing that state. In 1860 he was appointed Commissioner at Naples, to carry out the new organization of that portion of the Italian monarchy. M. Farini has published a work entitled "The Roman State," a "History of Italy," and "Letters to Lord John Russell and Mr. Gladstone."

FARNHAM, ELIZA W., Philanthropist and Authoress, was born in Albany co., New York, Nov. 17, 1815. Her maiden name was Burhans, and she was married to Farnham the traveller in 1835, in the state of Illinois.

In 1841 she returned to New York, and devoted herself to prison-visiting and lecturing before assemblies of her own sex. In 1844 she was appointed matron of the female department of the State prison at Sing Sing, where her system of governing by kindness instead of coercion was submitted to a trial, and with the best results. During her tenure of this office, which lasted four years, she published "Life in Prairieland," and edited an edition of Sampson's "Criminal Jurisprudence." Removing, in 1848, to Boston, she became for some months connected with the Institution for the Blind in that city. She passed the years between 1849 and 1856 in California, publishing on her return a volume entitled "California In-doors and Out." For the next two years she devoted herself to the study of medicine. In 1859 she organized a society for the protection of destitute females emigrating to the West, and made one or two journeys herself thither with large numbers of them. The same year she published "My Early Days." She has since resided in California.

FARR, WILLIAM, M.D., F.R.S., | naval portion of the Mexican war. Chief Superintendent of the Registrar- When the civil war broke out, he took General's department, born at the command of the Gulf squadron which beginning of the present century, is was to co-operate with General Butler the son of a working gardener, and a in the reduction of New Orleans, and self-made man. His father gave him it was he who engaged and passed a good education, and at an early age the two strong forts of the Missis he showed a strong taste for statistical sippi during April, 1862. That city inquiry, and the systematizing of surrendered to him on the 28th of figures. He became a Licentiate of that month. In May, Natchez surthe Society of Apothecaries, London, rendered, and his fleet ascended as in 1832, and subsequently graduated far as Vicksburg, which place he M.D. at the University of New York. bombarded, until the fall of water He is the compiler of the statistical compelled him to return to New abstracts of the causes of death which Orleans. In 1862 he was the appear in the periodical reports of the first officer raised to the rank of Registrar-General, and a Fellow and Admiral in the Federal navy; and in Member of the Council of the March, 1863, he ran by the formidable Statistical Society. He is the author batteries of Port Hudson, and was in of "The Medical Annual," 1835-39; a few days again before Vicksburg, "Statistics of English Lunatic Asy- co-operating with General Grant lums," 1838; "Report on Mortality the reduction of that important of Lunatics," Stat. Journal, 1841; stronghold. In 1864, having been "Vital Statistics in MacCulloch's Sta- ordered to attempt the capture of Motistics of the British Empire," 1837; bile, he took the important forts at the "Statistical Nosology," 1842; "Eng- mouth of the harbour in the month lish Life Table," 1846; "Letters on of August, with the loss, however, of the Causes of Death and Public one of his iron-clads, the Tecumseh, and Health in the Registrar-General's Re- its entire crew, from the explosion of ports for the years 1837-49;" "Report a torpedo. A few weeks after, he was to the Registrar-General on Cholera said to be within shelling distance of in England," 1852, &c. the city; but it would appear that he had not, up to September, 1864, proceeded further with the expedition, but was expected to attempt a similar one against the port of Wilming ton, celebrated during the war for its blockade-runners. Admiral Farragut has served in the American navy for more than fifty years, during eleven of which only has he been unem. ployed at sea.

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FARRAGUT, DAVID G., a RearAdmiral in the United States navy, was born in Tennessee, at the close of the last century. He was appointed to his profession direct from his native State, and first saw service, without any previous training for it, as a midshipman, as early as the year 1810. Under Commodore Porter he was engaged in the Essex in her famous cruise against the British during 1812-13. After the capture of that frigate, he served on board the line-of-battle ship Independence. Passing his examination with credit, he was ordered, as lieutenant, to the West-Indian station, and served in that capacity on board the Brandywine, 44. After certain periods of service on the Brazilian coast, he was appointed, in 1847, to the command of the Saratoga, 20, in which ship he took part in the

FAUCIT, HELEN, daughter of Mrs. Faucit, an actress of considerable repute, was born about the year 1817. Her formal debut in London was made on the 5th January, 1836, when she appeared at Covent Garden, as Julia, in the "Hunchback," and achieved a distinguished success. She at once took rank as a leading metropolitan actress, and became afterwards an important member of Mr. Macready's companies, during the production of his Shakspearian revivals, at Covent

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Garden and Drury Lane. Miss Faucit was the original representative of the heroines of the "Lady of Lyons," "Money," "The Sea Captain," "Richelieu," and the "Duchess de la Vallière," by Sir E. Bulwer Lytton; Mr. Robert Browning's "Strafford," the "Blot on the Scutcheon," and "Colombe's Birthday;" Mr. Westland Marston's "Patrician's Daughter," "The Heart and the World," and "Marie de Meranie;" Mr. Troughton's "Nina Sforza;" and of many other plays. Of Shakspearian performances, her Juliet, Beatrice, Constance, Imogen, Portia, Rosalind, and Lady Macbeth have met with high commendation. Miss Faucit also obtained great success in her representation of "Antigoné," and in “King Réné's Daughter," an adaptation from the Danish, by Mr. Theodore Martin. On the 25th of August, 1851, she married Mr. Theodore Martin (whom see), but she has continued to appear on the stage at intervals since her marriage, out of pure love for the dramatic art.

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strenuous opponent of Louis Napoleon after the latter's election to the Presidency; and leader of the Montagne, on the flight of Ledru Rollin. Elected after the coup d'état of 1851 to the General Council of the "Loire et Rhone," he refused to take the oath to the New Constitution. His defence of Orsini in 1858 created a great sensation by its boldness and eloquence. In the same year he became a member of the Legislative body; since which time he has distinguished himself by his speeches against the law of "deportation," the war with Austria of 1859, and in favour of complete liberty of the press, and also in 1864 by an attack on the policy of the Imperial Government in the Mexican war, which created a marked effect. M. Favre published in 1837 a work entitled "Contemporaneous Biography." Many of his most famous speeches have been printed, and he has also given to the world several pamphlets.

FAVRE, GABRIEL CLAUDE JULES, a French advocate and politician, born at Lyons, March 31, 1809. FAWCETT, HENRY, Professor of engaged in prosecuting his studies for Political Economy at Cambridge, a the bar when the revolution of July, son of a gentleman of landed property 1830, broke out, in which he took an in one of the midland counties, was active part. Shortly afterwards he born about the year 1833, and was commenced the practice of his profes-educated at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, sion. The independence of his character, the bitter irony of his address, and the radicalism of his opinions, early made him a reputation. From that year to the present time he has been the consistent champion of French Republicanism, in the press, in the different national assemblies, and at the bar. After the revolution of February, 1848, he became SecretaryGeneral of the Ministry of the Interior, and was the author of the famous circular to the Commissioners of the Provisional Government, as well as of the "Bulletins" of the same year. He also officiated for some time as UnderSecretary for Foreign Affairs. He voted for the prosecution of MM. Louis Blanc and Caussidière for their

of which he was a scholar, and where he graduated in high mathematical honours in 1856. He was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1862, but has not been able to follow his profession, owing to the loss of his sight through an accident whilst shooting. Having written and published "A Manual of Political Economy," and having been an extensive contributor of articles on economic and political science to various magazines, he was elected, in 1863, Professor of Political Economy in the University of Cambridge. He unsuccessfully contested the borough of Cambridge on Liberal principles in 1862, and the borough of Brighton in February, 1864.

FAY, THEODORE SEDGWICK, an