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FRASER-FREDERICTON.

appointed to his present post in 1846. About the year 1849 he became editor of the North British Review. He succeeded to his professorial chair on Sir W. Hamilton's death, in 1856. He has published "Essays in Philo. sophy," and a work entitled "Rational Philosophy in History and System."

the temporal privileges of the Church | the university of Edinburgh, and was in Piedmont, compelled the government to institute a criminal procedure against the archbishop in 1850; in consequence of which he was kept for three years in prison at Fenestrelles, and then, by a second judgment, condemned to perpetual exile. He has ever since been acting as one of the chiefs of the ultramontane party in France and Switzerland, and the reactionary clergy of Sardinia still acknowledge his authority. Since 1850 he has chiefly resided at Lyons, issuing from time to time protests, whenever his favourite tenets have seemed invaded.

FRASER, ALEXANDER, one of the earliest members of the Society of British Artists, was born in Scotland about 1796, and, although an exhibitor for more than thirty-five years in London, may be considered, both in style and subject, a member of the Scottish school. Many of the subjects of his most successful pictures have been selected from Scottish life. One of the most favourable specimens of his art will be found in the Vernon Gallery, under the title of "Interior of a Highland Cottage." Among other prominent efforts of his pencil may be enumerated "Tapping the Ale-barrel," "War's Alarms," "The Village Sign-painter," and above all, "Robinson Crusoe reading the Bible in his Cabin," charmingly conceived and forcibly executed. This picture was painted many years ago for the late Lord Northwick. Among his successful delineations of Scottish and rustic life, of more ambitious aim, are such pieces as a "Scene from the Heart of Mid-Lothian" (1843), the "Laird's Dinner interrupted by Claverhouse's Dragoons," and the "Last Moments of Mary Queen of Scots" (1847).

FRASER, CHARLES, an Ame rican artist, born in Charleston, South Carolina, August 20, 1782. He early showed an aptitude for art, and at fourteen years of age produced creditable landscape sketches in pencil. He was, however, induced by his parents to study the law, to the practice of which he was admitted in 1807, and he applied himself to his legal occupa tions with such success that he was enabled, in 1818, at the end of eleven years, to retire with a competency. By the advice of Malbone, with whom he had long been on terms of intimacy, he now gave his attention to miniature painting especially, in which he has attained eminent suc cess. In 1825 he painted the portrait of Lafayette, and probably there is hardly a man of any note in the his tory of South Carolina during the past half-century who has not sat to him at one time or other. He also painted many historical pictures, as well as subjects of still life, chiefly for gal leries in the same state. In 1857 exhibition of his works was opened in Charleston, numbering 313 miniatures and 139 landscape and other paintings in oil. Mr. Fraser is also the author of some poems of merit, and has been a contributor to periodical literature.

FREDERICTON, THE RIGHT REV. THE BISHOP OF, JOHN MEDLEY, D.D.. was born in 1804, and was educated at Wadham College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in honours in 1826, and M.A. in 1830. He was for several years Vicar of St. Thomas's, Exeter, and Prebendary of that cathedral, ari in 1845 was consecrated first Bishop of Fredericton. His diocese includes the entire province of New Brunswick, and the income of the see is £1,000,

FREEMAN-FREILIGRATH.

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supplied out of the Colonial Bishopric | Germany, where his father held a situfund. ation as teacher in one of the public FREEMAN, EDWARD AUGUSTUS, schools. His mother died when he M.A., the son of John Freeman, of was only seven years old. When he Pedmore Hall, co. Worcester, was was ten years of age, he was sent born in 1823 at Harborne, Stafford- to the local gymnasium, where he shire. He was elected Scholar of made rapid progress in literature. On Trinity College, Oxford, in 1841, and leaving school, he was bound apprenFellow in 1845, and filled the office of tice to a merchant at Loest, in WestExaminer in Law and Modern History phalia. Here he devoted his leisure in 1857-8, and in 1863-4, and was for hours to reading and making verses, several years one of the Secretaries of and for the first time saw himself in the Oxford Architectural Society. He print. In 1829 he left Germany and was a candidate for Wallingford in the went to Amsterdam, where he obLiberal interest in 1859, but did not tained a situation at the office of a go to the poll. He has written much foreign banker. Here he remained on historical, political, and architec- for about six years, keeping books, tural subjects in the Spectator and writing letters, and making for himther papers, and is the author of the self a name rather than a competence. following works:-"A History of While at Amsterdam his friends, Architecture" (1849), Essay on Adelbert von Chamisso and Gustav Window Tracery" (1850), "The Archi- Schwab, introduced him to literature tecture of Llandaff Cathedral" (1851), at large. When he returned to Ger"The History and Conquests of the many he found himself famous in his Saracens" (1856), "Ancient Greece own country. Nevertheless, he beand Medieval Italy" (in "Oxford came once more a merchant's clerk Essays" for 1858), "The History at Barmen, and did not desert comand Antiquities of St. David's,"-the mercial pursuits altogether until his latter conjointly with the Rev. W. poems had passed through several Basil Jones, and the " History of editions. In 1841 he married. In Federal Government" (vol. i. 1863). 1842 the king of Prussia conferred FREER, MARTHA WALKER, His- on him a small pension, which he trical Writer, daughter of John accepted, then believing the king a Booth Freer, Esq., M.D., was born at Liberal and a man of progress. When Leicester, Oct. 25th, 1822. She mar- he was undeceived on this point a ed in 1861 the Rev. John Robinson, year or two after, he resigned the Rector of Widmerpool, near Notting-pension, publishing at the same time ham, but still continues to write under a volume of political poems, in which er maiden name. She is known as the he stated openly and honestly his thor of several interesting historical reasons for so doing. The book works, including the "Life of Margue- created a great sensation, and made rite d'Angoulême, Queen of Navarre" its author the subject of a royal pro(1554, 2nd edition, 1855), "Elizabeth secution. He was compelled to fly de Valois and the Court of Philip II." from Germany in the autumn of 1844. (1857), "Jeanne D'Albret, Queen of In 1846 the poet returned once more Navarre" (1855, 2nd edition, 1861), to his former occupation of a merLife of Henry III. of France" (1858), chant's clerk in the city of London. Life of Henry IV. of France" (1860), He purposed emigrating to the United The last Decade of a Glorious Reign States, where he thought to settle, Geing the Completion of the Life of when the outbreak of 1848 led him to Henry IV.)" in 1863, and "The Mar- Germany. After some months of Fied Life of Anne of Austria" (in 1864). agitation he was put into prison at FREILIGRATH, FERDINAND, a Ger- Dusseldorf, for publishing a poem enman poet, was born on the 17th of titled "The Dead to the Living." June, 1810, at Detmold, in Northern After two months' confinement, he

FREMANTLE-FREMONT.

nent. In 1856 Colonel Fremont was | uncle, and was with difficulty pacified an unsuccessful candidate for the by his mother. Then commenced Presidentship of the United States, in the banishment of the family. Louis opposition to Mr. Buchanan. In 1858 and his mother first lived at Augshe retired to California, where he burg, and afterwards in Switzerland. resided until early in 1861, when, on The latter state admitted the young the election of Mr. Lincoln to the exile to the rights of citizenship, and Presidency, and the consequent seces- permitted his service in its small sion of the Slave States, he was army. For a time he studied gunappointed major-general in the army nery at the military academy on the of the United States. He then, as shores of the Lake of Thun; and commander of the Western Federal during his stay amongst the Alps army, moved his forces into Missouri, made frequent pedestrian excursions with the view of defeating the Con- over the passes. While engaged on federate general Price, the victor of a trip of this kind, the news of the Lexington; but a dispute with a sub-revolution in Paris of July, 1830, ordinate officer induced the War Department to issue a commission of inquiry, which relieved him of his command. Fremont being a great favourite with a certain section of the Republican party, was considered in 1863 a very kely candidate for the next Presidency, and was actually nominated for it by the Cleveland Convention; but his chance appears to have died cat, and he has withdrawn his name as a candidate; the real struggle seeming now (October, 1864) to rest between Mr. Lincoln and General M'Clellan.

FRENCH, EMPEROR OF THE, LOUISNAPOLEON BONAPARTE, is the third son of Louis Bonaparte, ex-king of Helland. His mother was Hortense, the daughter of the Empress Josephine by her first marriage. His birth, which took place at the Tuileries, April 20, 1808, was announced through the empire, and in Holland, by the roar of artillery, and he was baptized on the 4th of November, 1810, by Cardinal Fesch, the EmpeFer and the Empress Marie-Louise being his sponsors. After Napoleon's return from Elba, his young nephew accompanied him to the Champ de Mai, and was there presented to the deputies of the people and the army. The splendour of this scene left a deep impression on the mind of the by, then only seven years old. When Sapoleon embraced him for the last time at Malmaison, he was much agitated: the child wished to follow his

reached him; and when it was known that Louis-Philippe had become king, he and his family applied to be permitted to return to France, but were refused. He then wrote to the new king of the French, and begged for permission to serve as a private soldier in the French army. The French government answered his petition by a renewal of the decree of his banishment. Thus thwarted in his expectations, Louis-Napoleon entertained hopes of another revolution in France, though as yet he had formed no definite plan of preferring his own claims in opposition to those of the Bourbon dynasty. In the beginning of 1831 he and his brother left Switzerland, and settled in Tuscany. They both took part in the insurrection at Rome. The elder brother died at Forli, March 17, 1831, and Louis accomplished a dangerous flight, through Italy and France, to Eng land, where he remained a short time, and then retired to the Castle of Ahrenenberg, in Thurgau, devoting a part of his leisure in the years 1832-35 to the preparation of several books. The first appeared under the title of "Réveries Politiques," in which he declared his belief that France could be regenerated only by means of one of Napoleon's descendants, as they alone could reconcile republican principles with the mili tary aspirations of the nation. A year or two afterwards he issued two others, "Considérations Politiques et Mili

affair, however, failed miserably; the prince himself was taken prisoner, and was detained a prisoner in Strasburg from October 30th till November 9th, when he was conducted to Paris, and learnt that on the first intelligence of his capture, his mother had come into the vicinity of Paris, to try to obtain his pardon and save his life, or to excite sympathy for him. His life was spared, on the condition that he was to be sent to the United States. He protested against this, but in vain, and he was accordingly conveyed to that country. There, however, he did not long remain, but returned to Switzerland, where he found his mother on her death-bed. In 1838 Lieutenant Laity published, with the sanction of Louis-Napoleon, a favourable account of the affair at Strasburg, and was, in consequence, sentenced to five years imprisonment, and to pay a fine of 10,000 francs. These circumstances, which were regarded by the French government as the commencement of a new conspiracy at Ahrenenberg, induced them to demand that Louis should be banished from Switzerland. Some of the cantons seemed inclined to maintain their independ ence, and Louis-Napoleon's rights as a citizen of Thurgau. On this the French government sent an army to the frontier, and threatened to sup

taires sur la Suisse," and "Manuel | tion to some of his adherents. The sur l'Artillerie." The latter is a work of considerable size, and was favourably reviewed in the military journals of the day. In the years 1831-2, when the throne of Louis-Philippe was still unsteady, a party in France had their eyes fixed on the duke de Reichstadt. According to French statements, a whole corps d'armée, generals and their staff included, was, in 1832, ready to acknowledge Napoleon II. so soon as he should reach the frontier; and they had even determined, if the ex-king of Rome did not appear himself, to receive his cousin. After the death of the duke de Reichstadt, and of his own brother, Louis-Napoleon became the legal heir of the imperial family, and thus succeeding to his cousin's claims, he is said to have been buoyed up with the hope of obtaining power in France by the conversion of Chateaubriand and other notables of the time. His designs upon the throne of France became evident in the early part of the year 1835, and in 1836 his plans were so far ripe as to induce him to make an attempt to seize the fortress of Strasburg. This town, with its strong garrison, its associations with the great Napoleon, and containing a population not very well affected to the actual government, seemed a favourable point for a demonstration. In the event of success there, Louis-port its demands, if necessary, by Napoleon intended to march the next day towards Paris, to rouse and arm the intermediate provinces, to take with him the garrisons of the principal places on his route, hoping to reach the metropolis before the government could take any active measures against him. In June, 1836, he left Ahrenenberg for Baden-Baden, where he gained over Colonel Vaudrey, commander of artillery in the garrison of Strasburg. In August he went secretly to that city, and there had an interview with fifteen officers, who promised him their assistance and co-operation. He then returned into Switzerland, leaving the further arrangements for the insurrec

force. The ambassadors of the prit cipal European powers signified their concurrence in the proceedings of the French government, and under these circumstances the prince thought it advisable to leave Switzerland, and again take refuge in England. At the end of the year 1838 he took up his residence in London, and in 1839 he published his celebrated work entitled "Des Idées Napoléoniennes." In 1840 he determined to make a new attempt on the French crown. He hired in London a steamer, called the City of Edinburgh, and embarking thereon with Count Montholon, General Voisin, and fifty-three other persons, he landed with this party near Bou