BEAUREGARD-BECQUEREL. 55 Gazette, the Medical and Chirurgical | Divinity in the University of Toronto. Review, &c. BEAUREGARD,* PETER GUSTAVE TOUSSAINT, General in the service of the Confederate States of America, was born in 1821. His family are of French extraction, and were at one time settled in Canada, whence his father migrated to New Orleans. In 1834 young Beauregard entered the Military Academy at West Point, where he graduated in 1838. He received at first a commission in the United States Artillery, but was transferred afterwards to the Engineers. He distinguished himself during the Mexican campaign, in which he was twice wounded. He was highly spoken of in General Scott's despatches for his gallantry during this contest. In 1853 he was appointed, as Captain of Engineers, to the duty of surveying the coast fortifications, and later became Superintendent of the Academy at West Point. In 1861 he resigned his commission in the United States army, and joined that of the Confederate States. He commenced the civil war by the bombardment of Fort Sumter, April 12, 1861. He also commanded the Southern army at the famous battle at Bull Run, in July, 1861, where the Federals experienced so disastrous a reverse. For this service he was made General. He was second in command at the battle of Shiloh, April 6, 1862, and in 1863 successfully defended Charleston against the combined naval and military forces of the Federals, during a siege which, for heroism and tenacity of purpose, must occupy a prominent place in history. At the present time (1864) he is vigorously co-operating with General Robert Lee in opposing the forces of Grant. BEAVEN, THE REV. JAMES, D.D., was born about the year 1800, and educated at St. Edmund's Hall, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1824. Having held a parochial charge in the diocese of Lincoln, the curacy of Leigh, Staffordshire, and the vicarage of Welford, Northamptonshire, in 1842 he was appointed Professor of He is the author of "An Account of the Life and Writings of St. Irenæus" (1841), a small work on "Catechizing," and a treatise on "Intercourse between the Church of England and the Eastern Churches" (1842). BECHER, ELIZABETH, LADY, daughter of the late Mr. John O'Neill and of his wife, née Featherstone, (both members of the theatrical profession), is a lady of Irish extraction, who for some years enjoyed the highest reputation on the English stage as a tragic actress. She was born about the year 1791, and made her début in London in October, 1814. The characters in which she achieved the greatest success were Juliet, Mrs. Haller, Belvidera, Jane Shore, and Mrs. Beverley. In December, 1819, she became the wife of W. WrixonBecher, Esq., M.P., of Ballygiblin Castle, co. Cork, created a baronet in 1831, and since deceased, by whom she is the mother of the present baronet and of other children. BECQUEREL, ANTOINE CÉSAR, French physicist, and Member of the Institute, was born at Châtillon-surLoing (Loiret), March 7, 1788. He quitted the Polytechnic School in 1808 as officer of engineers, served in Spain under General Suchet. On his return in 1813 he was made inspector of the Polytechnic School. In 1814 he again served in the French army, and in 1815 quitted the military service, after having resigned his commission as chef de bataillon of the engineers. His first publications related to geology and mineralogy, but electricity soon absorbed his attention. In 1829 he was elected into the Academy of Sciences, and is at present Professor of Physics in the Museum of Natural History. M. Becquerel has been a voluminous writer on chemistry and electricity. His industry in the collection of facts is very remarkable. His principal works are, "Traité de l'Electricité et du Magnétisme (Paris, 1834-40, 7 vols. 8vo.); "Traité d'Électro-Chimie" (Svo.); "Traité de Physique Appliquée à la Chimie et 56 son BEDFORD-BEECHER. aux Sciences Naturelles" (2 vols.sophy. In 1832 she removed with her father to Cincinnati, and for two years acted as principal of an institution devoted to female instruction in that city. But failing health com pelled her to resign this. She then devised a plan for female Christian education, to be promoted through a national board, with normal schools and competent teachers. The per fecting of this scheme has been the object of her life, and it has caused her to write extensively. Among the works to which it has given birth are "Domestic Service;" "Duty of Ame rican Women to their Country;" "Housekeeper's Receipt-Book,” New York, 1845; "The True Remedy for the Wrongs of Women," Boston, 1851; "Treatise on Domestic Economy;” “Truth stranger than Fic tion;" "Letters to the People on Health and Happiness;" "Physiology and Calisthenics," 1856; mon Sense applied to Religion," 1857. 8vo.); and, in conjunction with his Alexandre-Edmond_Becquerel, "Éléments de Physique Terrestre et de Météorologie" (1817); "Traité de l'Électricité et du Magnétisme” (1855, 2 vols. 8vo.), &c. Com BEECHER, THE REV. CHARLES, is a son of the late Dr. Lyman Beecher, and pastor of a church at Newark, New Jersey. He has published “The Incarnation; or, Pictures of the Virgin and her Son," with an introduction by his sister, Mrs. Beecher-Stowe, New York, 1819; "Review of the Spiritual Manifestations," New York, 1853; and "Pen-Pictures of the Bible," New York, 1855. When Mrs. Beecher-Stowe visited England, he BEDFORD,* PAUL, comedian, was born at Bath in 1798, and made his first appearance in London at Drury Lane Theatre on the 2nd Nov., 1824, as Hawthorn in the opera of Love in a Village, having been for some years previously a favourite on the Bath and Dublin stages. For many seasons Mr. Bedford confined himself to operas, and, during the performance of an English version of Donizetti's "Don Pasquale," at the Princess's Theatre, he obtained considerable distinction by his performance of Lablache's great part in that opera. Of late years, however, Mr. Bedford has appeared only in the melodramas and broad farces for which the Adelphi Theatre has long been famous. In conjunction with the late Mr. Wright, and more recently with Mr. Toole, he has contributed greatly to the success of almost every piece produced on the Adelphi stage, having been a member of the company at that theatre for something like a quarter of a century, the public apparently never wearying of his forcible and grotesque humour. In 1864, Mr. Bedford appeared as an author, publishing a volume of autobiography and theatrical anecdote, en-accompanied her, and is said to have titled "Recollections and Wanderings." BEECHER, CATHERINE ESTHER, eldest daughter of the late Dr. Lyman Beecher, was born at East Hampton, Lower Illinois, in 1800, and was educated at Lichfield, U.S. After having left school she met with a severe calamity in the death of Professor Fisher, of Yale College, to whom she was betrothed. The shock necessitating a life of activity, she opened a female seminary at Hartford, Connecticut, where she remained ten years, during which period she published a "Manual of Arithmetic," and a series of elementary books of instruction in Theology and Mental and Moral Philo been subsequently a liberal contri butor to "Sunny Memories." BEECHER, THE REV. EDWARD, D.D., an American author and divine, eldest son of the late Dr. Lyman Beecher, was born in 1804, and edudated at Yale College, where he gra duated in 1822. He studied divinity at Andover and New Haven, and was appointed to a tutorship in Yale Col lege in 1825. He filled the office of Pastor at Park Street Chapel, Boston, from 1826 to 1831; that of President of Illinois College, Jacksonville, from 1831 to 1814; and that of Pastor at Salem-street Church, Boston, from 1846 to 1856. He is at present (1864) BEECHER-BEKE. pastor of a church at Galesburg, Illinois. His literary productions are Baptism: its Import and Modes;" "The Conflict of Ages;" and "Papal Conspiracy Exposed." BEECHER, THE REV. HENRY WARD, born 1813, at Lichfield, Connecticut, United States, son of the late Dr. Lyman Beecher, and brother of Mrs. Beecher Stowe, graduated at Amherst College in 1834, and studied theology under his father at the Lane Seminary. He first settled as a Presbyterian minister at Laurenceburg, Indiana, in 1837. In 1839 he removed to Indianopolis, and became pastor of the Plymouth Church at Brooklyn, New York, an organization calling themselves "Orthodox Congregational Believers," in 1847. In 1850 he published "Lectures to Young Men," and 'Industry and Idleness." In 1855 he gave to the world "The Star Papers," a series of articles contributed to the New York Independent, and in 1858 a second series of the same. In 1858 appeared also his "Life Thoughts," 25,000 copies of which sold soon after publication. As a preacher, he is said to have "the largest uniform congregation in the United States," and is very popular as a public lecturer. In the early part of 1864 he paid a visit to this country, and delivered speeches in Liverpool, Manchester, and London, with the professed object of impressing upon the British public the righteousness of the Northern cause. He attracted a large concourse of hearers on each occasion. BEKE, CHARLES TILSTONE, PH.D., F.S.A., F.R.G.S., &c., of an ancient family, long settled at Bekesburne, East Kent, was born in London, October 10, 1800; he received a commercial education, and afterwards studied law in Lincoln's Inn; but eventually resumed mercantile pursuits in Saxony, in London, and in the Mauritius, where he resided several years. He has throughout life devoted much attention to ancient history, geography, philology, and ethnography. The results of these studies first appeared in his work, 57 Origines Biblica; or, Researches in Primeval History," vol. i., London, 1834, styled in the Quarterly Review "the first attempt to reconstruct history on the principles of the young science of geology." His historical and geographical studies of the East led him to consider the great importance of Abyssinia for commercial and other intercourse with Central Africa; but his proposals to undertake an exploring journey were declined by the Government. Supported by private individuals, he proceeded to Shoa, in Southern Abyssinia, which country he reached in the beginning of 1851, several months before the party under Major Harris. Shortly after the arrival of the latter, Dr. Beke quitted Shoa, and went alone westward into the interior, where he distinguished himself by the exploration of Godjam and the countries lying to the west and south, which were previously almost entirely unknown in Europe. The results of these researches appeared partly in several journals, and in "A Statement of Facts," &c. (1st edit., Lond., 1845; 2nd edit., 1846). Having returned to Europe, he excited the attention of geographers by his publications: "An Essay on the Nile and its Tributaries," London, 1847; "On the Sources of the Nile in the Mountains of the Moon" (1848); “On the Sources of the Nile" (1849); and by his "Mémoire Justificatif en Réhabilitation des Pères Paez et Lobo,” Paris, 1848. He became involved in a controversy with M. d'Abbadie; and in a "Letter to M. Daussy" (1819), and "An Inquiry into A. d'Abbadie's Journey to Kaffa" (1850), he asserted this journey for the alleged discovery of the sources of the Nile (1813-41) to be a mere fiction. Besides many essays on ethnography and geography, Mr. Beke has published a treatise "On the Geographical Distribution of Languages in Abyssinia" (Edinburgh, 1819); and whilst in Mauritius he wrote "The Sources of the Nile, with the History of Nilotic Discovery (8vo., London, 1860), in which work he has incorporated the results of his 58 BEKKER-BELCHER. previous labours on that particular | 3 vols.; "The Library of Photius," subject. In 1835, after the appear- Berlin, 1824, 2 vols.; "Aristophanes," ance of "Origines Biblicæ," the author London, 1825, 3 vols. ; "The Scholia received from the University of Tubingen the diploma of Doctor of Philosophy, and on his return from his Abyssinian travels the Geographical Societies of London and Paris gave him their gold medals. From 1836 to 1838, being then resident at Leipsic, Dr. Beke was Acting British Consul in Saxony, and from 1849 to 1853, in London, acted as Secretary of the National Association for the Protection of British Industry and Capital. BEKKER, EMMANUEL, a German philologist, was born at Berlin in 1785. He finished his studies at Halle, under the celebrated Wolff, who regarded him as one of his most distinguished pupils. He obtained, in 1807, a chair of Greek literature at Berlin, which he quitted three years afterwards for Paris, to examine the manuscripts in the imperial library. On his return to Germany, in 1812, he began to publish his "Anecdota Græca" (Berlin, 1814-21, 3 vols.) and his large edition of Plato (1814-21, 10 vols.). Nominated a Member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, at the desire of that body he made a second journey to Paris to examine the papers of Fourmont, and thus to prepare a "Corpus Inscriptionum Græcarum." He then went to Italy (1817) together with a colleague, and visited all the principal libraries of Rome, Florence, Venice, &c. The two savants deciphered at Verona a palimpsest of the "Institutes" of Gaius, discovered by Niebuhr. In England, Holland, and Northern Germany, Bekker had always the most welcome reception, and every facility granted to him to examine the wealth of their libraries. On his return from these journeys he resumed the chair in the University of Berlin, which had been conferred upon him in 1807. He has published excellent editions of "The Attic Orators," Oxford, 1823, 7 vols.; Berlin, 5 vols.; "Thucydides," Oxford, 1821, 3 vols.; Berlin, 1832, to the Iliad," London, 1826-27, 3 vols.; "Sextus Empiricns," Berlin," 1842; also of several Greek poets. He has laboured in the "Corpus Scriptorum Historia Byzantine," published at Bonn in 24 vols. A few years ago he was occupied with Provençal and Venetian philology, and has published in the learned reviews of Berlin the most remarkable facts in these two idioms by the best writers of the middle ages. BELCHER, SIR EDWARD, C.B., F.R.S., and F.G.S., Rear-Admiral, is the son of Andrew Belcher, Esq., and grandson of Jonathan Belcher, Esq., chief justice and afterwards governor of Halifax, whose father had been governor of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and New Jersey. He was born in 1799, entered the navy in 1812, and was soon afterwards appointed midship. man. After the usual routine of service, in the course of which he was present at the battle of Algiers, he was appointed in 1824 to act as Assistant-Surveyor to Captain Beechey in the Blossom, then about to sail on a voyage of discovery to Behring's Straits. In 1829 Mr. Belcher was promoted to the rank of Commander, whilst serving under Rear-Admiral Owen; after which we find him, in 1830, in command of the Etna, surveying vessel, on the coast of Africa; also on the river Douro, 1832-3, for special and delicate service, acting a neutral part between the forces of Don Pedro and Don Miguel. He shortly afterwards commanded the Terror and Erebus for Arctic service. From November, 1836, to August, 1842, Commander Belcher was employed in the Sulphur, survey. ing vessel, of whose voyage round the world he has given an interesting account in his well-known Narrative. In 1841 he performed a series of brilliant services in China, having sounded and explored the various inlets of the Canton river, and made BELGIANS-BELGIOJOSO. 59 a reconnoissance which contributed | from being aware that the more importantly to the successes of Sir peaceful throne of Belgium was Hugh (now Lord) Gough and Sir Humphrey Le Fleming Senhouse. On that occasion he destroyed twentyeight of their war vessels. In recognition of these services he was promoted to the rank of Captain, and in 1813 the honour of knighthood was conferred upon him. He was after- a daughter, of whom the eldest, actually at his disposal. However that may be, he became king of the Belgians, and entered Brussels as such on July 21,1831, and on August 9, 1832, married the Princess Louise, daughter of Louis Philippe, king of the French, by whom he has issue two sons and wards employed in the Samarang, on surveying service in the East Indies, and was severely wounded in an action with the pirates of Gilolo. He commanded the expedition in search of Sir John Franklin from 1852 to 1854, and, in pursuance of his instructions, withdrew the crews of the icebound vessels, bringing them to Eng-war with Holland, which inaugurated land in October, 1854. He attained flag rank in 1861. Leopold-Louis-Philippe-Marie-Victor, married to the archduchess Marie of Austria, daughter of the late archduke Joseph, palatine of Hungary, is heirapparent to the throne. During his reign of more than thirty years, King Leopold has governed Belgium with mingled firmness and discretion. The 1814. BELGIANS, KING OF THE, LEOPOLD GEORGE CHRISTIAN FREDERICK, is the son of Duke Francis of SaxeCoburg Saalfield, and was born at Coburg, December 16, 1790. An excellent scientific and literary education acquired for him the reputation of being one of the most accomplished princes in Europe. He entered the Russian army in 1808, and was present at the battles of Lutzen, Bautzen, Culm, Leipsic, Arcis-surAube, and La Fère Champenoise, as also at the capitulation of Paris in He then accompanied the Emperor Alexander to London, where he first saw the Princess Charlotte, only child of King George IV., whom he married on May 2, 1816, receiving at the time from the British Government an annual pension of £50,000. To the great grief of the nation, he became a widower in the following year. After this Prince Leopold lived in retirement until the proclamation of Greek independence called him from his retreat. In 1830 he was offered the crown of that country, which he at first accepted under certain conditions, but which the extensive intrigues then on foot throughout Europe, and in Greece itself, subsequently induced him to decline. According to some opinions, he did so it, added Antwerp to his dominions. He guided the state safely through the storm of revolution which swept over the continent in 1848, and he has contrived to balance the rivalries of political factions within his kingdom during the whole time, so as to insure to it the extension of its commerce, the development of its resources, and complete internal security. The king was engaged in 1862-3, two years ago, in negotiating the quarrel between the British Government and the Brazils. During this time he was suffering from a complaint which obliged him to undergo two most painful operations, but from which disorder, under the very skilful treatment of an English surgeon, Mr. Henry Thompson, he has perfectly recovered. His Majesty visited the Emperor Napoleon at Vichy, in 1864, for the purpose it is supposed of conferring with him on the then unsettled state of affairs in Europe. BELGIOJOSO, CRISTINA TRIVULZIO, PRINCESS OF, is the daughter of Jerôme Isidore, marquis of Trivulzio, and was born in Milan the 28th June, 1808. She was married in 1824 to the Prince Emiglio di Barbian e Belgiojoso. Passionately fond of Italy and of liberty, she could not make up her mind to live at Milan under the despotism of Austria, but went to reside in Paris, where she became a leader |