India Co. in 1802, he joined the Ben- | of the Directors of the East I

Company, which post he held ti reconstruction, and the substit of the Indian Council for its pre Board of Directors. Sir George also appointed Hon. Colonel Ist talion Surrey Rifle Volunteers in 1 and was nominated a Knight of Order of the Star of India.

POOLE, PAUL FALCONER, painter, born at Bristol in 1810, exhibited at the Academy in "The Well, a Scene at Naples ;' did not exhibit again till 1837. has painted comparatively few tures. But these few have generally the fruit of much tho and conscientious labour; bein original in conception and t ment, as they often are in ject. Amongst his earlier pict are "The Farewell" (1837), Emigrant's Departure" (1838), mann and Dorothea at the Fount (1840), "By the Waters of Bab we sat down and wept," and " garet at her Spinning-wheel," "Faust" (1842). In 1843 his reputa was enhanced by his cartoon illus tive of the Plague in London—“S mon Eagle exhorting the People to pentance." He next produced Beleaguered Moors" (1844); "The Visitation of Sion Monaste (1816). In 1846 he was elected sociate of the Academy, and an demician in 1861. In 1847 he ent the lists as a competitor at the e bition of oil-pictures at Westmins Hall, with his large painting

gal Artillery, in which he rose by successive steps, attaining the rank of Captain in 1805, Major in 1819, Colonel in 1829, and General in 1859. | Shortly after proceeding to India, he joined the army under Gen. Lake, and was present at the battle of Deig, and at the sieges of Deig and Bhurtpore. He volunteered in 1815 to serve with the force under Gen. S. Wood against the Nepaulese; and having held some staff appointments he was appointed, in 1821, to the command of the army sent to Burmah under Sir Archibald Campbell, where he gained great credit, and for his services in the Burmese war was made a C.B. In 1841 he was selected to command the armies on the West of the Indus, when, after forcing the Khyber Pass by a series of skilful and brilliant operations, he went on to the relief of Sir Robert Sale at Jellalabad. Having defeated the Affghan troops in three successive encounters, he took Cabul, September 15th, in that year, and subsequently effected the release of the prisoners; on the 17th September he was joined by Gen. Nott, and in October led the whole of the united army through the formidable passes back to India. For these service he was presented with a splendid sword by the Government of India, created a G.C.B., and received the thanks of both Houses of Parliament. In 1843 he was appointed British Envoy at Oude, and in the following year a member of the Supreme Council of India; in 1846 he" Edward III.'s Generosity to received the thanks of the Court of People of Calais," which gaine Common Council of London, for his prize, in the second class, of £ distinguished services in Affghanis- His chief subsequent works have b tan, and the freedom of the City in -"Arlète first discovered by Rob a gold box; he also received the free-le Diable" (1848); three small sce dom of the Merchant Taylors' Company; and in 1847 was voted a pension of £1,000 per annum by the East India Company; received in 1850 a medal for general services, with four clasps for the battle and the siege of Deig, the Nepaul war, and Burmese war; in 1858 he was nominated by the Crown one

from "The Tempest" (1819);
and his Friends receiving the Tidir
of his Calamities" (1850); "The Got
in Italy" (1852).
Mr. Poole's la
pictures-"The Song of the Troul
dour," and "Philomena's Song
the Beautiful Lake," from the "D
cameron," are both romantic a
poetic compositions.
Some of h

POOLE-PORTER.

most successful early pictures were rustic and domestic subjects, consisting of "The Market Girl," "The Alehouse Door," &c., and have never been publicly exhibited. Later studies, of a similar class, "The Mountaineers," The Blackberry - Gatherers," &c., are noticeable for their depth of feeling, grandeur of manner, and signal beauty of colour.

669

took part in the siege of Corinth, and after its evacuation he actively and successfully followed up the retreat of the Confederates. In June, 1862, he was appointed to the command of the army of Virginia, comprising the forces under Fremont, Banks, McDowell, and Sturgis; and on the 14th of July, 1862, was appointed Brig.-Gen. in the U.S. army. Great things were now expected from him as he had acquired high reputation by some daring exploits in minor operations. But these hopes were doomed to be disappointed. Very soon after his appointment to the chief command a series of disastrous defeats sustained by the army under his

POOLE, THE REV. GEORGE ATLIFFE, Vicar of Welford, Northamptonshire since 1843, was born about the year 1809, and graduated at Emmanuel Coll., Cambridge, in 1831. He is author of a "History of England," from a Churchman's point of view (1845), "Life and Times of St. Cyprian (1840), "His-orders spread consternation through tory of Ecclesiastical Architecture in England" (1848), a tale of the 12th century called "Sir Raoul de Broc and his son Tristram" (1849), and of various sermons, tracts, and papers. Mr. Poole enjoys a considerable reputation for his knowledge of ecclesiastical architecture, and is an active member of the archæological societies in the midland counties.

POPE, THE. (See Pius IX.)

the Northern States. On the 20th of August, Gen. Pope withdrew the army of the Potomac to the north side of the Rappahannock, where he was quickly followed by the Confederate forces under Generals Lee and Stonewall Jackson, and retreated towards Warrenton. On the 25th, Pope's army was thrown into disorder and his baggage captured by the Confederates. On the 29th the troops under Gen. Burnside evacuated Fredericksburg, and retired to Aquia Creek, and on that and the following day the second battle of Bull Run was fought, which ended in the complete defeat of Gen. Pope, and his withdrawal to Centreville. On the 2nd of Sept. he was relieved from the command of the army of the Potomac, and since that period his name has seldom been mentioned in the bulletins of the army. His services have been transferred to another field of action-that of checking the predatory incursions of the Indian frontier tribes.

POPE, JOHN, Major-General, in the U.S. army, son of Judge Pope, of Illinois, was born at Kaskaskin, in that State, March, 1823. He entered West Point in 1838, and graduated with Rosecrans in 1842, in which year he was appointed 2nd Lieut. of Topog. Engineers, and, in August, 1846, joined the army under General Taylor, in Mexico. He was breveted 1st Lieutenant for bravery, at Monterey, Sept., 1846, and Captain after Buena Vista, Feb., 1847. From that period till 1861 he was chiefly engaged in surveying expeditions. When the civil war broke out, Capt. Pope PORTER,* DAVID D., Rear-Admiwas appointed Brig.-Gen. of Volun- ral in the U.S. navy, born in Pennteers. In Dec., 1861, when serving sylvania, about 1812, is the youngest ander Gen. Halleck, he cleared Cen- son of the late Commodore David tral Missouri of the Confederate Porter, who commanded the Essex forces. In March, 1862, when he frigate in the war with Great Britain was before New Madrid, he was ap-in 1812-14, and sailed with him while pointed Major-Gen. of Volunteers; quite a child in his expedition against this place he soon after captured, the West Indian pirates. After a with all its guns and stores. He course of instruction at the naval

670

PORTUGAL-POTTER.

the port so much resorted to of by blockade-runners. The fir these attacks, at the clos 1864, failed, owing, as it wa leged, chiefly to the inefficien operation of Gen. Butler, who manded the military forces, but iz also to the failure of the scher blow up the fort by the explosion vast quantity of gunpowder dep

school he entered the service as a midshipman, in Feb., 1829, and served for some time under Commodore Biddle, in the Mediterranean. When he had passed his examination in July, 1835, he was employed for several years in the coast survey and river explorations until his promotion, in 1841, to the rank of Lieutenant. At the close of 1845 he was placed on special duty at the Observatory at Wash-in a vessel towed close to the fo ington, which position he resigned in that purpose. The second ex the following year in order to take tion, which comprised a powerful part in the Mexican war, in the course of monitors and other war-ships of which he served with distinction, by a strong military force under under Commodore Tatnall, especially Terry, was completely successfu before Vera Cruz. When the war was though the capture of the fort wa over he was appointed to the com- effected without considerable lo mand of the surveying schooner the Federals. Petrel. On the outbreak of the civil PORTUGAL, KING OF, HIS F war, in 1861, he was promoted to the FUL MAJESTY DOM LUIS I., is rank of Commander, and at the be- second but eldest surviving sc ginning of 1862, the mortar fleet was Donna Maria II., Queen of Porty placed under his orders. During the and Dom Fernando, Prince of naval operations on the Mississippi Coburg, was born on the 31s that ensued he greatly distinguished October, 1838. He visited this c himself, especially by his dashing try with his elder brother in 1 exploit in reducing the forts below when he bore the title of Dak New Orleans. After the capture of Oporto, and since attained the that city, he proceeded up the great of a captain in the Portuguesen river with his fleet, and was engaged He succeeded to the throne on in several affairs, including the un- demise of his brother, King Pedr successful siege of Vicksburg, which (by a fever, which subsequently car was raised July 22, 1862. In the fol-off another brother), on the 11t lowing Oct. he was appointed to the Nov., 1861. He is said to be command of the Upper Mississippi fleet, intelligent, of as liberal principle with the rank of Acting Rear-Admiral, the late king, and seems resolve and after superintending the congovern his kingdom constitution struction of that fleet, he sailed down He married in October, 1862, the river, and assisted materially in youngest daughter of Victor re-opening that great highway to manuel, King of Italy, by whom the Gulf. In the summer of 1863, has a son, Carlos, born Sept. 28, 18 during the second siege of Vicksburg, POTTER, CIPRIANI, Principal Admiral Porter bombarded the works the Royal Academy of Music, from the river side, and on the 4th of born in London, in 1792. He recei July, General Grant, who commanded his earliest instruction in music fr the besieging army, was enabled to Attwood, Calcott, Crotch, and Wee report the successful occupation of and afterwards pursued his studies that stronghold. Since that period Germany. At Vienna he enjoyed Admiral Porter has been actively friendship of Beethoven, who g employed in several important expe- him valuable advice and assistan ditions, in which he has won great Mr. Potter has for many years he credit, especially in the two combined an eminent place among our m attacks on Fort Fisher, which com- cians, and was for many years one mands the approaches to Wilmington, the conductors of the Philharmon

concerts. He has distinguished him- | tinuing his early studies in Church history. His principal work, in which he strongly advocates the full liberty of conscience, is entitled "Histoire du Christianisme" (1836, &c., 8 vols.). He has also written a history of the Belgian Revolution of 1830.

self also as a composer and pianist. His works, consisting of symphonies, overtures, besides trios, quartets, concertantes, sonatas, and other pieces for his own instrument, are numerous, and many of them highly esteemed. As Principal of the Royal Academy of Music, in which office he succeeded POUILLET, CLAUDE-SERVAISDr. Crotch, he has greatly contributed MATTHIAS, a French Professor of Phyto the usefulness of that institution. sics, Member of the Institute, born POTTER, LOUIS-JOSEPH-ANTOINE at Cuzance (Doubs), February 16, DE, a Belgian author and politician, 1791, entered the Normal School was born at Bruges, April 26, 1796, there in 1811, became tutor and afterof noble parents. He devoted him- wards lecturer in it. Meanwhile he self at an early age to literature, and was chosen Professor of Physics in especially to Church history; all his the College Bourbon. He was afterstudies being made from a ration- wards tutor to several of the children alistic point of view. The results of Louis-Philippe. In 1829 he was appeared in his works: "L'Esprit de made Sub-Director of the ConservaÉglise" (1821), and "Vie de Scipion tory of Arts, and held the chair of de Ricci" (1825). During the Dutch Physics in that institution. Two rale in Belgium, he was keenly op- years afterwards he succeeded Dulong posed to the king and his ministry, in the Polytechnic School, but illand desired to unite the Republican health obliging him to resign, he was and Ultramontane parties against the appointed Director of the ConservaGovernment. The boldness of his tory of Arts, and Professor of the attacks drew down upon him a State Faculty of Sciences in Paris. In the prosecution (1828), and in spite of Sorbonne he greatly distinguished the eloquent pleadings of his two himself by his easy and elegant disadvocates, Meenen and Van de courses, enlisting the attention and Weyer, he was sentenced to be im- interest of his auditory. As a supprisoned for eighteen months, and to porter of the monarchy of July, he pay a fine of a thousand florins. sat in the Chamber of Deputies for Potter was regarded as a martyr by an electoral college of the Jura. the revolutionary party, whose power After the revolution of 1848 he rerapidly increased. In prison he wrote tired from political life, and devoted a number of pamphlets and articles, himself entirely to giving public inal advocating a radical change in the struction; but in June, 1819, acts government of the country; one of of great insubordination having ocwhich subjected him to a new prose-curred in the Conservatory of Arts, cation (April, 1830), when he was condemned to eight years' banishment. During the French Revolution of July, 1830, which speedily led to the paration of Belgium from Holland, M. Potter returned to his native country in triumph, when he became a member of the Provisional Government, but was soon separated from his colleagues, who would not enter into his republican views. Finding himself bereft of political influence, he retired from office, and has since occupied his leisure by con

Pouillet was accused of not having shown sufficient firmness, and was deprived of his office of Director, against which decree he protested in vain. He has contributed many valuable additions to science.

celebrated

POWERS, HIRAM, a American sculptor, born at Woodstock, Vermont, July 29, 1805, is the eighth child of a small farmer in that state, whose death left the family almost entirely destitute. Young Hiram first went to Cincinnati, where he was by turns waiter at an hotel,

He w

Lord of the Admiralty during latter half of 1847, and Adu Superintendent of Portsmouth c yard from Dec., 1847, to the e 1852; in 1860 he became an Ad of the Blue. He is a magistrat Surrey.

He

traveller for a tradesman, and appren- | Chief of Newfoundland. tice to a clockmaker. He received his first instruction in modelling from a Prussian sculptor, who happened to be in that city executing a bust of General Jackson. In a short time he learned to form busts himself, and also well-executed medallions. Encouraged by the success of these early efforts, he went to Washington, whence, owing to the assistance of a patron, Mr. Longworth, he was enabled to start in 1837 for Florence. After much studious application, he produced, in the following year, his figure of "Eve," which procured him high commendation from the world of art. The celebrated "Greek Slave" followed this; it has attained a world-pointed Tutor, and has several t wide reputation, and was exhibited in the London Exhibition of 1851. Mr. Powers has also executed "The Young Fisherman," a full-length figure of Calhoun, with busts of Webster, Jackson, Adams, &c.

PRATT, JOHN TIDD, the Registrar of Friendly Societies in England, was born about the year 1798. He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in Michaelmas Term, 1824. He has held for some years an office in the National Debt Office, and, besides the Registrarship of Friendly Societies, he holds the post of Barrister appointed to certify the rules of Savings Banks. Ile is the author of "The Law relating to Friendly Societies," "A Collection of the Public General Statutes," "The History of Savings Banks," "The Laws of Highways," "An Analysis of the Property-Tax Act," "Suggestions for the Establishment of Friendly Societies," &c.

PRICE, THE REV. BARTHOLO M.A., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., is the s the Rev. William Price, late Rect Coln, St. Dennis, Gloucesters where he was born in 1818. educated at Pembroke Coll., Or where he graduated B.A. in 1 taking first-class honours in m matics. He was elected Fello his College, and subsequently

been one of the Public Examine Scientiis Mathematicis et Physicis. was appointed Sedleian Profess Natural Philosophy at Oxford in 1 and is now a member of the He madal Council, a Curator of the leian Library, and a Delegate of University Press. He is the au of a work on the Infinitesimal C lus, published at the University in 3 vols. 8vo., 1854-8.

PRIM, DON JUAN, MARQUIS LOS CASTELLEGOS, COMTE DE a Spanish general, born at Reus Catalonia, in 1811, made his campaign as an officer in the war which followed the accessio Isabella II. to the throne of Spai 1833. Being devoted to the inter of the Queen-mother, Christina, t Regent, he was promoted to the r of colonel in 1837. After her fi he associated himself with the p of the Progresistas, in their op sition to the Dictatorship of partero. Being accused of compli in the insurrection of Saragossa 1842, he took refuge in Fra where he attached himself to person of Queen Christina in efforts to bring about a restorati In 1813 he was returned as a dep to Cortes for the city of Barcelona, a was enabled to return to Spain, whe

PRESCOTT, ADMIRAL SIR HENRY, K.C.B., was born in 1783, and entered the navy at the usual age. He was engaged in action with the four ships that escaped from Trafalgar, was employed off Sardinia from 1808 to 1810, and took part in the defence of Sicily; he was promoted to the rank of captain, after distinguishing himself in the destruction of several vessels was Governor and Commander-in- the Christinos and the Progresis: at Amantia; from 1834 to 1841 he he joined the coalition formed betwe