Ricasoli, the new Premier; and in the great debate on Italian affairs, in Dec., 1861, at Turin, he wisely sunk his own claims to vote with that statesman. At the close of Feb., 1862, when Ricasoli was induced to resign the premiership-ostensibly through not being able to find a suitable Minister of the Interior, but actually through Court manœuvres it was alleged-Ratazzi was entrusted with the task of forming a new ministry. On the 7th of March the new Premier declared his policy to consist essentially in maintaining a friendly alliance with France and England, the “natural allies" of Italy; while, as regarded the Pope, the new ministry would be faithful to that vote of Parliament which declared Rome to be the capital of Italy; but he explained that "this end was to be accomplished by moral and diplomatic means, always hand in hand with France." Ratazzi, soon finding that his ministry had not the confidence of Parliament, wished the King to try what a dissolution would do. This step the King refused to take, and the result was that Ratazzi and his colleagues resigned at the end of Nov., and a new ministry was formed under the presidency of Farini, the duration of which was but brief; and at the critical juncture of the famous Franco-Italian Convention of Sept., 1864, General La Marmora came in at the head of a new administration more in consonance with the wishes of the people of Italy.

RAU MER, FRIEDRICH L. G. VON, historian, born at Wörlitz, 14th May, 1781, studied in the universities of Halle and Göttingen. He entered on his judicial career in 1801, and in 1810 obtained the place of Councillor in the Cabinet of the Chancellor Von Hardenberg. Among the several works he produced about this time was one on the "System of Taxation in England." A few years later he produced two new works-one on the Latin historians of the Middle Age, the other describing a journey he had made to Venice. These works procured him the appointment of Pro- |

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fessor of Political Economy and History at Berlin. In 1835 he visited England, where he was favourably received by leading members of the Whig party, of whom, and also of their policy, he gave a favourable report in his work on England in 1835, of which a translation by Mrs. Austin appeared in 1836. In 1841 he again visited England, and wrote a sequel to his former book, also translated into English, entitled "England in 1841." In 1847 he was chosen Member and Sec. of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, and in 1848 was sent by the votes of the Municipal Council of Berlin to the Parlia ment of Frankfort. On his return to Berlin he was elected a member of the First Chamber of Prussia. In 1853 he retired from public life, with the rank of Emeritus Professor in the Univ. of Berlin. The work to which he chiefly owes his reputation is "Geschichte der Hohenstaufen und ihrer Zeiten" (6 vols. 1823-25). Another great work, his "History of Europe from the End of the Fifteenth Century" (1832–50, vol. 1-8), though well received, had not the same success as the former, the author having had the courage to express in it opinions adverse to those generally entertained in Germany. In addition to the two books on England, most of his other works have been translated into English.

RAWLINSON, SIR CHRISTOPHER, KNIGHT, a son of the late J. Rawlinson, Esq., of Alresford, Hants, was born in 1806, and educated at Trinity Coll., Cambridge, where he took the usual degrees. He was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1831, and went the Western Circuit. In 1840 he was appointed Recorder of Portsmouth; and in 1817 Recorder of Prince of Wales's Island, Singa. pore, and Malacca, when he also received the honour of knighthood. In 1850 he was transferred to Madras as Chief Justice, but he resigned that post in 1859.

RAWLINSON, THE REV. GEORGE, fourth son of A. T. Rawlinson, Esq.,

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of Chadlington, Oxon., was born about | the year 1815. He was educated at Swansea and at Ealing school, and entered Trinity Coll., Oxford, in 1835; was placed in the first class in classics Easter Term, 1838; and was elected a Fellow of Exeter Coll., 1840. He obtained the Denyer Prize for a Theological Essay in 1842, and again in 1843. Having held for some years a Tutorship in his college, he was appointed Moderator in 1852; became Public Examiner in 1854, and again in 1856; and preached the Bampton Lecture in 1859. In 1861 he was elected without a contest to the Camden Professorship of Ancient History in the University. He took an active part in the agitation which preceded the passing of the Oxford University Act, in favour of the changes then effected. He is the author of the following works :-"The History of Herodotus," a new English version, with copious notes, &c., 4 vols. 8vo. (in conjunction with Sir G. Wilkinson), (1858-60); "The Historical Evidences of the Truth of the Scripture Records, in Eight Lectures delivered in the Oxford Univ. Pulpit, at the Bampton Lecture for 1859" (8vo., 2nd ed., 1860); "The Contrasts of Christianity with Heathen and Jewish Systems; or, Nine Sermons preached before the Univ. of Oxford on Various Occasions" (8vo., 1861); and "The Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World," 8vo., vols. i. and ii. (1862 and 1864). Mr. Rawlinson is also a contributor to Dr. Smith's "Dictionary of the Bible," and to various reviews and magazines. He holds the office of Classical Examiner under the Council of Military Education.

RAWLINSON, SIR HENRY CRESWICKE, K.C.B., brother of the above, was born in 1810, was educated at Ealing school, and served in the Bombay army from 1827 to 1833. He was first sent to Persia in Nov., 1833, and between that time and Dec., 1839, was actively employed in various parts of that country. He held high commands, and did good

service in reorganizing a body of Persian troops. When the rupture with Persia compelled our officers to withdraw from that country, he proceeded through Scinde to Afghanistan. In June, 1810, he was appointed political agent at Candahar. Throughout the troubles that ensued he held this second capital of the Affghans safe from all intrigues within and attacks without, and was repeatedly mentioned by General Nott for his services in the field. He returned with the avenging army through Cabul and the Punjab to India, to reappear, in 1843, on the ground he had formerly occupied, but now as political agent in Turkish Arabia. In March, 1814, he was appointed Consul at Bagdad; in 1850 was promoted to the rank of Lieut.-Col. in Turkey; and in 1851 was made Consul-General. In February, 1855, he resigned his post, and was subsequently a Director of the E. I. Co., M.P. for Reigate, and a Member of the Council of India from September, 1858, to the following April, when he was sent as Envoy to the court of Teheran, with the local rank of Major-General. Sir Henry, who is a F.R.S., Honorary D.C.L. of Oxford, and LL.D. of Cambridge, a Chevalier of the "Order of Merit" in Prussia, and Corresponding Member of the French Institute, is the author of papers in the Journals of the Geographical and Asiatic Societies, mostly on the antiquities of the East, and on the inter. pretation of the cuneiform inscriptions of Persia, Assyria, and Babylonia.

READE, CHARLES, D.C.L., youngest son of the late John Reade, Esq., of Ipsden House, Oxon, was born in 1814, and was educated at Magdalen Coll., Oxford, of which he was socessively a Demy and a Fellow, and where he graduated B.A. in 1835. He was called to the Bar in 1843, at Lincoln's Inn. He first became a favourite with the reading public as the author of "Peg Woffington" and "Christie Johnstone;" these were followed, in 1856, by a work of fiction

in 3 vols., "Never Too Late to Mend; a short tale, entitled "The Course of True Love;' "Jack of All Trades," "Love Me Little, Love Me Long," and "White Lies." Mr. Charles Reade has besides written some successful plays : "Masks and Faces," &c. He contributed to Once a Week a serial tale, entitled "The Good Fight," which he has since republished in an expanded form under the title of "The Cloister and the Hearth;" "Hard Cash," which first appeared in the pages of All the Year Round, was subsequently published in a complete form; and he is a frequent contributor to periodical literature.

READE, JOHN EDMUND, the son of Thomas Reade, Esq., of Barton Manor, and grandson of Sir J. Reade, Bart., of Shipton Court, Gloucestershire, was born at Broadwell, Gloucestershire, early in the present century. His first work, a drama entitled "Cain the Wanderer," appeared anonymously in the year 1830. It drew attention from the literary journals of the day, opening for the author an introduction to the poet Coleridge, and a recorded testimony from Goethe. It was followed, in 1838, by "Italy," composed during a lengthened sojourn in the South, and his tragedy of "Catiline," published in 1839. The dramatic poem of "The Deluge" (1840) next appeared; "The Vision of the Ancient Kings" formed a sequel to this volume. "Life's Episode" was produced in 1843. The drama of "Memnon" (1844) was composed during a sojourn in Switzerland; while "The Revelations of Life"

(1849) grew out of a residence

among the localities of Dartmoor. The poem of "Man in Paradise," published in 1856, was designed to form the first portion of the drama of "Cain the Wanderer." In a new edition of the author's works, this poem was carefully revised, and a collection of Lyrical Poems was added, entitled, "Youth and how it Passed." In the poem of "Youth," as in the confessions of the Enthusiast, in the "Revelations of Life," it is

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evident that the picture of each metamorphosis is drawn from himself. A new edition of the works of this poet appeared at the close of 1860, in 2 vols. 8vo. ; and the poem of "The Laureate-Wreath," published in 1863, formed the sequel of that collection.

RECHBERG, BERNHARD, COUNT DE, was born in Austria about the year 1792. His whole life has been devoted to politics. At twenty-two he received the title of Sec. of Legation, and was dispatched in that quality to the Austrian mission in London, where he remained two years. After a short residence at Darmstadt, as Chargé-d'Affaires, he was, at twentyseven years of age, appointed to the same post at Brussels. The Count's next diplomatic post was Rio Janeiro. In 1849 he was appointed Plenipotentiary to the Germanic Confederation, who invested him with the dignity of Civil Commissioner for settling the intricate affairs of Electoral Hesse. In history he will rank as one of those men who have contributed most largely to the wellbeing of Austria. He was appointed, in 1859, as Metternich's successor in the post of Prime Minister of Austria, during his tenure of which office he manifested high integrity and administrative capacity.

REDDING, CYRUS, was born at Penryn, Cornwall, in 1785. Coming to London in 1806, he joined the establishment of the Pilot, which he left to commence the publication of the Plymouth Chronicle, of which he was editor and proprietor for several years, and was a contributor to the Naval Chronicle. From 1815 to 1818 he resided in France, and for two years was the editor of Galignani's Messenger, having already edited the Dramatic Review, and published literary and political pamphlets. In 1820 he became co-editor with Campbell of Colburn's New Monthly Magazine, with which he was associated, both in his editorial capacity and as a contributor, for upward ten years. Of his connecti the author of the "Plea

Hope" he has given an account in a series of papers which subsequently appeared in that magazine. In 1830, Mr. Redding joined Campbell in the publication of the Metropolitan, but the publisher failed. In 1829 appeared a volume of poems from his pen, entitled " Gabrielle, &c.;" and in 1833, his "History of Wines," which passed through several editions. Mr. Redding established, under the auspices of the late Sir W. Molesworth, the Bath Guardian, which he edited for two years; and, in 1836, he established the Staffordshire Examiner. Among his subsequent works we may instance "Velasco," a novel; a translation of Thiers's "History of the Consulate," with notes. Mr. Redding has also published a record of his reminiscences for more than half a century; and has produced (1841) an illustrated Itinerary of Cornwall and one of Lancashire; "A History of Shipwrecks," "Memoirs of Thos. Campbell," "An Abridgment and Remarks on the Evidence upon the Wine Duties," "Keeping up Appearances" (a novel). He edited, or rather wrote from notes, "The Travels of Captain Andrews in South America," and "Pandurang Hari" (an Eastern story). The "Memoir of Beckford, of Fonthill," is, moreover, attributed to his pen. He is also the author of "A Departmental and Statistical Account of the Wine Products of France," &c.

REDGRAVE, RICHARD, R.A., was born in Pimlico, April 30, 1804. He is the son of a manufacturer, in whose counting-house he passed his earlier years, chiefly employed in making designs and working-drawings, besides occasionally sketching from nature. When about twenty, he began to study from the marbles in the British Museum, and in 1826 was admitted a student in the Royal Academy. At this time he was forced to eke out his resources by teaching landscape-drawing. He twice competed, but without success, for the Academy's gold medal, being defeated on the second occasion by Maclise. At

last, a picture exhibited at the British Institution, "Gulliver on the Farmer's Table," was bought for the purpose of engraving; this was his first suc cess. His next effort (1838), " Eller Orford," from Crabbe, rejected at the Institution, was hung "on the line' at the Academy, and at once pur chased. His subsequent pictures. "Quintin Matsys," "Olivia's Returr to Her Parents" (both 1839); " The Reduced Gentleman's Daughter" (1840), commanded immediate pur chasers and fresh commissions, thus enabling the painter to relinquish the drudgery of teaching, and to devote himself entirely to his art. In 1840 he was elected an Associate. The subject-pictures which succceeded] won him considerable popularity. Among these were: "The Castlebuilder" (1841); "The Poor Teacher" (1843); "The Sempstress," "The Wedding Morning-the Departure" (1844); "The Governess (1845); "Sunday Morning" (1846); “Fashion's Slaves" (1817); and "Country Cousins," painted for Mr. Vernon in 1848. In 1842 he exhibited at the Academy a landscape; and, in 1846, another landscape, "The Brook." The titles of some of his many subsequent works suggest pleasant thoughts of spots, sweet, remote, and sacred:"" Happy Sheep," "The Moor-hen's Haunt" (1847); "Spring the Trout's dark Haunt" (1818); "The Solitary Pool" (1849); "The Evelyn Woods" (1850); "The Poet's Study" (1851); "The Woodland Mirror" (1852); "The Forest Portal" (1853); "An Old-English Homestead" (1851); and The Midwood Shade." Meantime he tried his hand on several figure-pieces of higher pretensions, as "The Attiring of Griselda" (1850); "The Flight into Egypt" (1851), in which year Mr. Redgrave was elected R.A. During the latter years of the Government School of Design, Mr. Redgrave was its head-master, and on the formation of the Department of Practical Art, subsequently enlarged into that of Science and Art, he prepared a