Counsel in 1830, Solicitor-General for many respects, as the choicest in Ireland, Sept., 18142, and Attorney-existence-it should be borne in mind General in the November following; that the British Museum was prea Bencher of King's Inns in 1843, and viously much below many foreign inMaster of the Rolls in Ireland in 1846, stitutions in that department of art. a post which he still holds (1865). | To Mr. Smith's intimate acquaintance He sat in Parliament for Ripon as a with the treasures contained in the Conservative between 1843 and 1846. great collections, public and private, SMITH, WILLIAM, formerly a on the Continent, may indeed be aswell-known printseller, was born July cribed the initiative of a movement 11, 1808, in Lisle Street, Leicester that has, at his persistent instigation, Square, where his father had for turned to most profitable account many years carried on that business. the opportunities afforded by the disAt the decease of the latter, in 1835, persion of many invaluable private Mr. W. Smith, in conjunction with stores of old engravings, in the his brother, succeeded him, and in enrichment of our National Muthe following year he purchased seum. During the business career of the celebrated collection of enMr. Smith and his brother, he was gravings formed by Mr. Sheepshanks; regarded, both at home and abroad, the Dutch and Flemish portions of as its most eminent representative, which, considered to be the most per- especially in the more important fect in Europe, Mr. Smith sold to the branch of old prints: a distinction to British Museum for £5,000, though he which he was justly entitled, not only had received offers much larger in from his experience and training, but amount from Holland. This was the from the possession of remarkable commencement of a series of large natural and acquired qualifications, by transactions with that establishment, the honourable exercise of which he and he neglected no opportunity of was enabled, in a comparatively short enriching the print department, as period, to earn a handsome indepenwell from the numerous purchases he dence. Mr. Smith and his brother remade in this country, and in repeated tired from business at the end of 1848, visits to the Continent. In this he leaving no successor. He has since received every encouragement from occupied himself in procuring an hisMr. Josi, the then keeper of the torical series of water-colour drawings prints and drawings, and from his by British artists, which he intends to Successor, Mr. Carpenter. Among give or bequeath to the nation. He the more important collections ob- was elected a member of the Royal tained from Mr. Smith, it may be Institution of Great Britain in 1845, sufficient to mention those of Mr. a Fellow of the Society of AntiHarding, purchased in 1841 for quaries in 1852, and was a member of £2,300; the extraordinary series of the council of that body in 1858-9, engravings by early Italian and Ger- and in 1862-3. On the establishment man artists, formed by Mr. Coning- of the National Portrait Gallery in ham, in 1844 and 1845, for £8,000; 1857, Mr. Smith was appointed a and a selection from the Aylesford Trustee by her Majesty's Government, and Woodburn Collections, in 1847, for and in the following year he was £1,200. Besides these, Mr. Smith se- unanimously elected Deputy - Chaircured for the Museum some invaluable man by his colleagues. In 1861 and almost unique etchings by Rem- he was elected a Fellow of the brandt, at Baron Verstolk's sale at Royal Horticultural Society, and he Amsterdam in 1847. In order prowas also a member of the committee perly to appreciate Mr. Smith's laud- for the management of the departable, and we may add disinterested, ment of British Engravings in the endeavours to augment our national Great International Exhibition of collection of prints-now regarded, in 1862. and Art." In 1854 he commenced his excellent edition of " Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire." In 1855 he published "A Latin-English Dictionary, based on the works f Forcellini and Freund." In 1860 Dr. Smith brought out his first volume of a "Dictionary of the Bible, comprising its Antiquities, Biography, Geography, and Natural History," which is designed to render the same service in the study of the Bible as the Dictionaries of Greek and Roman Antiquities have done in the study of the Greek and Latin classics. This work was completed in 1863 (in 3 vols.). Dr. Smith is also the author of the "Student's Latin Grammar," published in 1863, and of a Latin Course, in four parts, entitled, "Prin cipia Latina." SMITH, WILLIAM, LL.D., Classical Examiner in the University of London, was born in the Metropolis in 1814, and received his education at that University, where he gained the first prizes in the Latin and Greek classes. Dr. Smith was originally intended for the Bar, and for that purpose kept the usual terms at Gray's Inn; but eventually became a Professor of the Classical Languages in the colleges of Highbury and Homerton. In 1840, Dr. Smith commenced, as editor, a "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities,' which was completed in 1842. In 1843 he commenced the publication, also in parts, of a "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology (in 3 vols.). The "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography" was commenced in 1852, and finished in 1857 SMYTH, ADMIRAL WILLIAM HENEY, (in 2 vols.). These three works F.R.S., Vice-President of the Society form an Encyclopædia of Classical of Antiquaries, only son of the late Antiquity. In addition to his editorial J. B. Palmer Smyth, Esq., a Royalist duties connected with these works, he of New Jersey, was born in Westalso contributed some of the most minster in 1788. He entered the valuable articles contained in the navy in 1805, and served with much volumes. He actively aided in effect- distinction through the war. Subing the amalgamation of Highbury sequently, through his own resources, and Homerton Colleges with that of and without any official instructions, Coward Coll. into one institution, he occupied himself in conducting under the name of New College, Lon- a series of hydrographic operations don. In 1850 Dr. Smith commenced connecting Barbary, Sicily, and Italy, the publication of his "School Dic--a service in which he displayed so tionaries;" concise but comprehensive summaries, for the benefit of less advanced scholars, of his more voluminous publications. They are-1. "A Classical Dictionary of Mythology, Biography, and Geography;" 2. "A Smaller Classical Dictionary," abridged from the preceding work; 3. "A Small Dictionary of Antiquities." Each of these works has gone through many editions. In 1853 Dr. Smith was appointed Classical Examiner in the University of London, which office he still holds in conjunction with that of Classical Professor in New College. In the same year he issued the first edition of a "School History of Greece from the Earliest Times to the Roman Conquest, with Chapters on the History of Literature much talent that Admiral Penrose forwarded to the Admiralty the result of his labours, accompanied by a highly commendatory letter. Their lordships promoted him, in Sept., 1815, to the rank of Commander, and expressed their intention of having a selection of his drawings engraved and published. Difficulties unforeseen causing this arrangement to be altered, it was determined ultimately that the "Atlas of Sicily" should be engraved in the Admiralty Office, and that Captain Smyth should publish “A Memoir descriptive of the Hydro graphy of that and the neighbouring Islands, interspersed with antiquarian and other notices." Of this work the Admiralty purchased one hundred copies. In 1817 Captain Smyth, whose continued exertions in the sur- west coast of Italy. In March, 1816, veying department had by this time Capt. Smyth received the Royal pergained him distinction in the scientific mission to accept and wear the small world, was appointed to the Aid sloop, Cross of the Order of St. Ferdinand and in her he increased his reputation, and of Merit, granted to him for serby completing the grand survey of vices against the enemy off Messina; the shores of the Adriatic commenced and was subsequently presented by by Napoleon Bonaparte. He after the emperor of Austria with a gold wards accompanied Sir T. Maitland snuff-box, decorated with brilliants. to the court of Ali Pacha, to treat In 1821 he was admitted into the respecting the cession of Parga; and Antiquarian and Astronomical Socieobtained the thanks of the Lord High ties of London; in June, 1826, he was Commissioner of the Ionian Islands, elected F.R.S.; in 1829 he was named for the manner in which he co- an Associate of the Acad. of Sciences operated in suppressing an insurrec- at Palermo; and in July, 1830, he tion in Santa Maura. His next and was chosen one of the Council of the last appointment was, 27th Jan., 1821, Geograph. Soc. of London—an instito the Adventure, in which vessel he tution he had been instrumental in was again ordered to the Mediter-establishing. He became afterwards ranean for the purpose of carrying one of the Committee for Improving out a plan of his own for perfecting and extending the "Nautical Althe survey of that sea. The additions manack;" and was nominated a he then made to astronomy, geo- Doctor of the Civil Law, a Vice-Pres. graphy, and hydrography, procured for of the Royal Geograph. Soc., an Hon. him the congratulations of scientific Member of the Royal Irish Academy, Europe, and raised him to the first one of the Board of Greenwich Visirank of maritime surveyors. While in tors, and a Corresponding Member of command of the Adventure, Captain the Institute of France, the Scientific Smyth received from Mehemet Ali an Academy of Naples, the National Inoffer of the celebrated "Cleopatra's stitute of Washington, the Academy Needle," as a present to George IV.; of Sciences at Boston, and the Naval but an opportunity of attempting its Lyceum of New York. Of the Royal embarkation did not occur. The and Astronomical Societies he is Viceefforts, prompt though unavailing, President and President; and of the Anwhich he made in 1824, in conjunction tiquarian Society he is a leading memwith Captain Sturt, of the Phaeton, ber. From Jan., 1828, until Oct., 1839, 46, to save a ship on fire from de- and from that period until June, 1842, a struction, obtained for him the thanks meteorological register was kept by of the U. S. Consul at Gibraltar, Captain Smyth in an observatory and of the masters of eleven Ameri- erected by him first at Bedford and can merchantmen. He attained post then at Cardiff. Besides his work on rank in 1824, and accepted the re- Sicily, Captain Smyth published, in tirement in 1846. Among the nu- 1828, "A Sketch of the present State merous valuable charts which he has of Sardinia;" in 1829, "The Life and constructed, the following deserve Services of Captain Philip Beaver, special mention:-a general outline R.N.;" in 1830, "An Account of a chart of the Mediterranean; one of Private Observatory recently erected the coast of Egypt from Almaïd to at Bedford,” and “An Account of an the Rosetta branch of the Nile; one Ancient Bath in the Island of Lipari ;" of the coast of France and Italy from in 1834, "A Descriptive Catalogue of Cape Roux to Monaco; twenty-six of a Cabinet of Roman Imperial large Sicily; four of Malta; three of the Brass Medals;" in 1836, "Observasouth coast of Spain; one of the tions on Halley's Comet;" in 1840, south coast of France; nine of the "Nautical Observations on the Port north coast of Africa; and four of the and Maritime Vicinity of Cardiff;" 756 SODOR AND MAN-SOMERVILLE. missioner of Woods and Forests from 1849 to 1851, and of Public Works from 1851 to 1852. In 1859, on the return of Lord Palmerston to power, he was appointed First Lord of the Admiralty, and, in 1861, Lord-Lieutenant of Devonshire; he was formerly a Commissioner of Lunacy. He holds the patronage of three livings. He is descended from a common ancestor with the Marquis of Hertford. in 1844, "A Cycle of Celestial Ob- | trol from 1839 to 1841, Chief Com. jects," in 2 vols., containing the results of all his astronomical observations-a production which procured him the gold Newtonian medal of the Astronomical Society; and, in 1848, the "Description of an Astrological | Clock belonging to the Society of Antiquaries." He has also published a "Descriptive Catalogue of Roman Imperial Medals" (1835), "Descriptive Catalogue of Coins belonging to the Duke of Northumberland" (1856, privately printed), "Edes Hartwelliana" (4to, 1851, privately printed), "Speculum Hartwellianum, or a Cycle of Celestial Objects." To him also the public is indebted for the forma tion of the United Service Museum. He succeeded Admiral Beaufort as Hydrographer to the Admiralty in 1857. His eldest son, Warington Wilkinson Smyth, is Mining Geologist to the Ordnance Survey; and his second, Charles Piazzi Smyth, is Astronomer Royal for Scotland. SODOR AND MAN, THE BISHOP OF, THE HON. AND RIGHT REV. HoRATIO POWYS, third son of the second Lord Lilford, was born in 1805, and educated at St. John's Coll., Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1823, and M.A. in 1825. He was Rector of Warrington, Lancashire, from 1831 to 1854, and for some years Rural Dean of Chester; he was consecrated to the Bishopric of Sodor and Man in 1854, on the translation of Lord Auckland to the see of Bath and Wells. The diocese comprises the Isle of Man, and the see is of the annual value of £2,000; the bishop has the patronage of sixteen livings, and holds a seat in the House of Lords, without a vote. SOMERSET, THE DUKE OF, EDWARD ADOLPHUS ST. MAUR, K.G., eldest son of the late (eleventh) duke, was born in 1804, and succeeded to the title in 1855. He was educated at Ch. Ch., Oxford, and was M.P. for Totness, in the Liberal interest, from 1834 to 1855. He held the offices of a Lord of the Treasury from 1835 to 1839, Secretary to the Board of Con 66 SOMERVILLE, Mrs. MARY, & lady of high scientific attainments, was born in Scotland some years before the close of the last century. The earlier period of her life was passed at a school at Musselburgh, near Edinburgh, where she was distinguished only for her quiet unas. suming manners. Her first marriage, with an officer of the navy, doubtless became the means of developing the latent powers of her mind, as this gentleman took great pleasure in initiating her into the mysteries of mathematics and general science, encouraged thereto, probably, by her wonderful aptitude for such pursuits. It is understood that her first work, a summary of the Mécanique Cé leste" of Laplace, intended for the Library of Useful Knowledge," un der the title of "Mechanism of the Heavens," was undertaken by the advice of Lord Brougham, but proving too voluminous for the Society's pub lications, it was issued in a distinct form in the year 1831. To this succeeded "The Connection of the Physical Sciences," in 1831, which excel lent work was thus characterized by the Quarterly Review :-"This volume, though unassuming in form and pretensions, is so original in design and perfect in execution, as fully to merit the success of eight editions, each carefully embodying all of augmenta tion that science had intermediately received. Her work, indeed, is a true Kosmos in the nature of its design, and in the multitude of mate rials collected and condensed into the history it affords of the physical phe nomena of the universe." The latest J work of this accomplished lady is her Physical Geography," published in 1848, comprising the history of the earth in its whole material organization, and, consequently, embracing all those branches of scientific inquiry to which she has, at various times, directed the capacity of her remarkable mind. The depth of Mrs. Somerville's knowledge, and the exalted nature of her reasoning powers, derive additional lustre from the noble moral tone of her writings, which distin-d'état, as cowardly as it was sanguish her from too many of those inquirers in science who have penetrated too far, or not far enough, into its mysteries. In 1835 Mrs. Somerville was elected an honorary member of the Royal Astronomical Society. During the course of a long life she has received many well-merited acknowledgments of her literary services, among which is a grant of £300 a year from the Civil List. SOULOUQUE, FAUSTIN I., late Emperor of Hayti, born at St. Domingo, in 1789, was the slave of a mulatto family. Made free by the decree of 1790, he took part in the insurrection of the slaves against their French masters in 1803. He entered the army, and was promoted by degrees until he attained the rank of General of Division (1846). To his surprise he was elected President of Hayti in 1847, and, through a coup SOTHERN, THOMAS EDWARD, an admirable comic actor, was born, in Liverpool, April 1, 1830. He was educated for the Church, but the stage proving more congenial to his tastes, he adopted it as his profession, and in 1851 went to America. He first appeared at the National Theatre, Boston, in the character of Dr. Pangloss. He was eminently successful, and soon transferred his services to Wallack's and Keene's Theatres, New York, where he played the leading business for five years. His famous character of Lord Dandreary, in the play of "The American Cousin," which was conceived and written by himself, he played in America more than 1100 nights, before coming to England; and in 1863-4 it was repeated several hundred times at the Haymarket Theatre. In 1864 Mr. Sothern appeared as David Garrick, in an adaptation from the same French drama as was taken "The Tragedy Queen." He has added to his popularity by his performance in "Dundreary Married and done for," in the "Woman in Mauve;" and in Mr. Oxenford's "Brother Sam," another of the Dundreary" series of plays. guinary, was elected Emperor of By SOUTH, SIR JAMES, F.R.S.L., the eminent astronomer, is the eldest son of a dispensing druggist in Southwark, where he was born at the close of the last century. He is a Member of the London Coll. of Surgeons, and formerly practised in Blackman Street, where he made several valuable astronomical observations; and between 1822 and 1823, in conjunction with Sir J. Herschel, he compiled a catalogue of 380 double stars. Sir James next removed to Campden Hill, Kensington, where he constructed a fine |