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Britain.-Majority favourable to the minifterial fyftem.—

Minifter's dexterity in managing parliament.—The wifeft

opposers of war wave the question of right, and argue from

expediency.-Not a war of minifters or parliament only, but

of the people.-Apprehension of Mr. Sayre for high-treason

-inconfiftent and defective evidence-the accufed is dif

charged.-Meeting of parliament.-The king's fpeech.-

General view of minifterial and oppofition reafonings, mo-

tives, and proceedings.-Employment of Hanoverian troops

in British garrisons.—Inquiry into the last campaign.—

Military members of oppofition declare the force inadequate.

-Militia-bill-Examination of Mr. Penn, respecting the

difpofitions and force of the Americans.-His teftimony

difregarded by the majority in parliament.—Mr. Burke's

conciliatory bill, on the conflitutional principle of granting

taxes only by the people or their representatives—rejected.-

-Lord North's prohibitory bill passed into a law.-Dif-

ferent departments of Meffrs. Burke and Fox in oppofition.

Petition from Nova Scotia.-Difcuffion of the employment

of Irish troops for the fervice of the king in America.-

Mr. Fox's propofed inquiry into the ill-fuccess of his ma-

jefty's arms-rejected.-Lord North, defirous of pleafing

both parties, fatisfies neither.—Supposed not entirely to approve

the coërcive fyftem.-Subfidy to German princes.—Last ef-

fort of the duke of Grafton for conciliation.- Minifters

affure parliament that another campaign will crush the re-

volt.-Supplies-Ways and means.-Scotch militia-bill-

rejected.-Seffion clofes.
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Occupations of Howe during winter-of Washington.-Plan

of the campaign-its late commencement by general Howe

-defultory operations in the Ferfeys.-General Howe

moves from winter-quarters-attempts by a fratagem to

bring Washington to battle-failing in that expedient, eva-

cuates the Ferfeys.-Expedition by fea to Philadelphia.

—Battle of Brandy-wine.-Major Ferguson essays a new

fpecies of rifle, invented by himself. Capture of Phila-

delphia.-Battle of German-town.-American fortifications

on the river.-Red Bank and Mud Island taken.—Ameri-

can fleet burnt.-Situation of the Americans at White

Marb and Valley Forge favourable to an attack.-

General Howe's in-action-he retires early to winter-

quarters.-Conduct of general and troops at Philadelphia.

-Expedition of fir Henry Clinton up the North river.

Capture of Prefcot in Rhode Island-Northern army—

Burgoyne takes the command.-Carleton, offended with the

appointment, refigns his employment.—Burgoyne purchases

the aid of Indian savages-number of his troops.-Expe-

dition of colonel St. Leger.—The general's manifefto.-Cap-

ture of Ticonderago and Fort Independence.Destruction

of American gallies.-The army reaches the Hudson.

-Cruelties of the Indians.-Defeat at Bennington-

Siege of Standwix-raifed.-Battle with general Gates

at Stillwater.-Diftressed fituation of the army-defertion

of the Indians.-Burgoyne retreats.-Battle near Sara-

toga-reduced fate of the army-troops furrounded—

convention with the Americans at Saratoga.

OF THE

REIGN OF GEORGE III.

CHAP. VII.

Prevalent difcontents.-Mr. Wilkes returns from exile-offers himfelf candidate for London-rejected—chosen for Middlefex-profecuted at the inftance of minifters—tried before lord Mansfield-fentenced to the king's bench prison—popular invectives against the judge.-Riots in St. George's fields.Wilkes's outlawry reversed.— King of Denmark vifits Britain.-Favourite ftudies of his Britannic majefty.—Voyages of difcovery and fcience.-Capt. Cook.—Mr. Banks.—Affairs on the continent.-Parties in Poland.-Diffidents.— Interference of Prussia and Russia.—Conduct of Austriaof France.-Rupture between Russia and Turkey.-American colonies enraged at Mr. Townshend's new impoft.Province of Maffachusets more active in refiftance.-New combination against British commodities.-Lord Hillsborough the fecretary of State, his letter to the governors of their reSpective provinces.-Riots at Bofton-England.-Diffatisfaction and licentiousness.—Wilkes inflames the difcontent.— Supported by the chief citizens of the metropolis.-Lord Chatham refigns the privy feal.-Parties mutually adverse, concur in oppofition to adminiftration.

WISE and liberal as was the policy of our king, CHAP.

which fought to govern by virtue and ability

inftead of a party-confederacy, it had not hitherto attained the merited fuccefs. The royal plan had to

VOL. II.

B

encounter

VII.

1768.

1

VII.

CHAP. encounter obftacles which partly arofe from particular incidents and characters, but were chiefly owing to general caufes.

1768.

The long fupremacy of the whig combination had conferred on its members, in the public opinion, a prescriptive right to govern. When Pitt adopted the project of Bolingbroke, or more probably followed the natural courfe of tranfcendent talents, he was aware of the authority which the junto had acquired he well knew that political changes ought to be gradual, and accommodated to the opinions and fentiments of the times. He therefore did not propose entirely to exclude the phalanx; but, without admitting their command, to enjoy their affiftance. Even this partial invasion they bore with impatience, and only from the overpowering force of genius did they bear it at all: Pitt's administration afforded ftrong proofs, that a change of political fyftem must be gradual, and that the projected alteration would be arduous, unless pre-eminent ability guided and invigorated the execution. The earl of Bute attempted a more extensive and rapid change, than befits the progreffive variations of human affairs in feeking a reform agreeable to reafon and juftice, he failed, by precipitation and the want of fuperior talents. His perfonal unpopularity was prejudicial to any scheme which he could undertake, and his fucceffors (long conceived to be his tools) partook of the prevalent hatred, which was farther increased by their internal and colonial meafures. The administration of Rockingham courted popularity, but in its weakness and inefficiency de

monstrated,

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