APPENDIX.

Ir was intended, when the foregoing work was first in progress, to have thrown into an Appendix such additional observations as might be thought important, or that had escaped notice in their proper places, and to add to them the discoveries which might have become known during the progress of publication; but finding the text already greatly to exceed the usual limits of the single volume allowed for the discussion of the questions we have had to consider, the objects to have come under notice were reluctantly abandoned, or confined to the smallest space.

Thus, on the article Indus, pp. 107-111, recent discoveries of more than one ancient bed of the river have been made considerably further to the eastward than what were known, and the conjectures respecting the original course of the river to the sea, in the Gulf of Cutch, are strengthened.

Respecting the abrasion of the west coast of India, pp. 109, 110, might be mentioned Calicut, the capital city at the time of the Portuguese conquest, but now sunk beneath the sea.

With regard to the various levels between the Caspian Sea, the uplands of Russia, and Poland, pp. 120-124, we may remark, that the fall of the rivers opening in the Volga is 110 feet, those that are affluents to the Neva fall 445 feet, making a total of 555; now, adding this total to the surface of the Caspian, there appears to be only 200 feet remaining for the culminating ground at the sources of the Volga; but if these are estimated on

measurement based in error, and we make the elevation to be about 700 feet at the highlands of Vologda, still taking the lowest level between the Euxine and the Baltic to be in a line of latitude 58, the waters of the two were of no dissimilar height, while the Gulf of Bothnia was still an open strait, and the northern portion of the Old Continent had not as yet commenced rising. It appears that Norwegian Lapland has risen 1800 feet in the last 1200 years.

At page 129, note, we should have added that even the byssus of the pinna was not destroyed.

Pages 142-3. The volcanic disturbances of the Red Sea were again in operation in the last or in the present year (1847), when a new island rose above the surface in the southern portion. The French survey, for a canal between Suez and Lake Mensaleh, recently published, likewise countenances the opinion that the Isthmus was originally open..

Page 151. Among others, is the tale of Moshup, the giant spirit, who resided at Nop, now Martha's Vineyard, at a time when the currents ran differently, and ice used to pack about Nantucket shoals. But better evidence is found in the researches of Mr. Lyell, who considers the southeastern portion of the United States, about Savannah, to be subsiding, while Canada, and latterly Nova Scotia, are shown to be rising, probably in the same ratio as the Arctic regions on the Old Continent.

Page 155. The human bones first discovered in England were in fissures of lime rock they went to mend the highway, and no investigation by competent persons took place until long after. A similar fate attended the discovery of a completely fossilized human body at Gibraltar, in 1748. The fact is related in a manuscript note, inserted in a copy of the dissertation on the antiquity of the earth, by the Rev. James Douglass, read at the Royal Society, May 12, 1785. The volume belonged to the late Rev. Vyvyan Arundel, while he was still at Exeter College, Oxford, and the note, signed J. W., is written on paper, by the water-mark indicating about the year 1790. In substance it relates that while the writer was himself at Gibraltar, some miners employed to blow up rocks, for the purpose of raising batteries, about fifty feet above the level of the sea, on

the higher ground, near the Old Mole, discovered an appearance of a human body, which-impatient because the officer to whom notice was sent of the object did not come to witness it. they blew up. It was reported to have been eight feet and a half long. Several of the pieces were taken up, and among them part of a thigh bone, "with flesh, and I thought an appearance of veins, all in a state of perfect petrifaction, as hard as marble itself; and in the solid part of the same stone a sea shell." It is evident, that if this body was fossilized by the infusion of stalactite matter, it must still have been of most remote antiquity.

Pages 156–161. We refer to Mr. Lyell's account of the human remains brought from South America, where, among others, he notices a skull, taken from among a great number of other remains, out of a sandstone rock, now overgrown with very large trees, in the vicinity of Santas, in Brazil. He avows an opinion that the locality may have been an Indian burying-ground, which subsequently sank beneath the level of the sea, and then was hove up again. Now, if this theory be admitted, and it is coupled with the growth of large trees above the deposit, to what period can it be assigned, when we reflect, that the bones of pachyderms, and of a species of extinct horse, both confessedly found in alluvial, must be of a more recent period?

Page 419. With regard to the Slavi, which might have been noticed as the last migrating nation that came from the East to Europe, they were omitted, because no detail could be given even of the little that is known of them. In structure and intellectual capacity they are so like their immediate predecessors, the Goths, that no other sensible difference is observable between them, than that they have even a still greater predominance of Sanscrit roots in their language, and that there are other evidences which lead to a presumption of their route westward having been in part to the south of the Caspian. An instance of the highest intellectual development, in the frontal form of the head, is given in the Plates.

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