are then single stigmas; the drug should contain very little of the styles. The stigma is about 3 cm. long, flattish-tubular, almost thread-like where it joins the style, broader and split on the inner side of the free end, which is notched and shows papillose margin under a lens; a good grade of saffron is of a rich orange-brown color with reddish tinge, somewhat deeper at the end and lighter toward the style, flexible and soft, not dry and hard, with a peculiar strong odor and an aromatic bitterish taste, and when chewed it stains the saliva a deep golden yellow. - c. Coloring matter, gum, wax, etc. U. Seldom employed otherwise than as a coloring agent. It is mildly diaphoretic, slightly sedative and antispasmodic. Dose: 0.3 to 2 grams, in infusion or tincture. The genuine drug is necessarily very high-priced as the stigmas from 60,000 flowers must be picked to make one pound of the drug; owing to this high price the drug is often adulterated, or cheaper substances bearing more or less resemblance to it are used as substitutes or admixtures.

The ray-florets of Calendula, flowers of Carthamus, petals of pomegranate or other deep-red flowers cut in shreds, shreds of smoked or dried beef, and other similar substances are readily distinguished when the suspected drug is placed on warm water, which causes the different parts to spread out and show their shapes.

The stigmas of some other varieties of Crocus are occasionally added; they are smaller, more flaring and more deeply notched at the upper ends, and have a yellowish color.

A deceptive adulteration is the addition of true saffron from which the coloring matter has been extracted by maceration; the exhausted stigmas have a pale and uniform yellowish color, and the whole drug has a less rich and bright appearance.

It is sometimes loaded with mineral matters to increase the weight; when soaked in water this pulverulent substance is deposited.

Although saffron feels greasy to the touch, it does not contain fixed oil. It should not leave a greasy spot when pressed between two thicknesses of filterpaper.

On drying saffron it should not lose more than fourteen per cent of moisture (showing absence of water fraudulently added) and when thus dried it should not leave more than 7.5 to eight per cent ash on burning (absence of foreign mineral substances).

Saffron bleaches in the light and loses its odor when exposed to the air; it should therefore be kept in well-closed opaque containers, or in a dark closet, in a cool place.

Zea.

N. Corn-silk. o. The styles and stigmas of Zea Mays; Gramineæ. H. Indigenous to the tropical parts of America, but now cultivated in all tropical and sub-tropical parts of America and in some few places on the other continent.-D. Corn-silk consists of the threads projecting from the ears of corn, and is gathered when the corn is "shucked" or "husked"; the projecting ends of the styles are

darker-colored, brownish to almost black, matted and tangled so that the threads are held together in tufts or bundles, the threads of which, where they were covered by the "shucks" being pale yellowish or yellowishgreen, about 15 cm. long, fine silky hairy and delicately veined longitudinally; with

out odor, taste sweetish. - c. Sugar, mucilage, etc.U. Reputed to be diuretic, nephritic and lithontriptic. Dose: 2 to 10 grams, in infusion or fluid extract. The figure on the left shows the "ear" of corn, a spadix surrounded by spathes that form the "shucks" when mature, and from the ends of which the long styles with their stigmas project; the right hand figure shows the spadix with its female flowers and the styles and stigmas, while the two small figures show single female flowers, one enlarged; all the other figures are much smaller than in nature.

FRUITS.

This group includes not only whole fruits, but parts of fruits as well. In the trade the terms "fruits" and "seeds" have not been sufficiently accurately differentiated, as many drugs are called "seeds" which in reality are fruits, as for instance, "anise seed", "caraway seed", etc. In pharmacognosy such inaccuracies are not permissible, and the student should make an effort to learn as soon as possible to use scientific words only in their correct meaning.

Strictly speaking, a fruit is the ripened ovary with all that it contains; this may be thought of as a "true fruit" to distinguish it, for purposes of pharmacognosy, from "spurious fruits". It is common to call the matured ovary with all that is attached to it a fruit, although in some fruits of this kind the bulk of the fruit may thus be formed by a calyx tube that was adherent to the ovary, as in the apple, or of woody or leathery scales that were not part of the flower at all, as in cones and strobiles, or of the thickened end of the stem, or receptacle, as in the strawberry or fig; such a structure is a "spurious fruit" and the true fruits may be enclosed within, as in rose hips or figs, or they may be on the outside, as in the strawberry.

Fruits are divided into three groups: Fleshy Fruits, in which the seeds are inclosed in a more or less soft and juicy flesh; Stone Fruits or Drupes, in which the outer part (under leaf surface) of the ovary becomes soft and fleshy and the inner part (upper leaf surface) of the ovary hardens into a stony shell which

tration shows the fruit in natural size; oval, with nipple-shaped apex, glandulous bright-yellow ("lemon-yellow") rind; contains an agreeably acid juice. The section of the lemon closely resembles that of the orange (see next figure), but the rind is closely adherent so that it must be peeled off with a knife; the rind is fragrant, bitter. The fruit must be fresh and sound. - c. The rind contains a v atile oil and the juice contains from 7 to 9% citric acid. - U. The juice, or the acid, is much used as an antiscorbutic; it is also used as a refrigerant drink in the form of lemonade. In the form of lemon juice it enjoys the popular reputation of curing and preventing "biliousness".

[To be Continued.]

Chemical Lecture Notes, postpaid, $1.50.

NECROLOGY.

Arthur Stephens Cron died of consumption at the home of his parents at Gallatin, Tenn., on November 5, in his twenty-second year. Mr. Cron was one of Gallatin's most exemplary and promising young men and an able and efficient young druggist.

Major A. G. Anderson, for more than a score of years traveling salesman for the J. S. Merrell Drug Co., died October 26. Mr. Anderson was a Kentucky gentleman whom the word major well fitted, and it is not surprising that he won the same by rising from the ranks in defense of the Confederate cause. The announcement of his death brings sorrow to the hearts of all of our readers who knew him.

Dr. Edward R. Squibb died at his home in Brooklyn, October 26. The Doctor graduated from the Jefferson Medical College, of Philadelphia, when a young man, and was appointed surgeon in the United States Navy. He subsequently became surgeon in charge at the Brooklyn Navy Yard. During the civil war he gave up military life and opened the factory in Brooklyn which still bears his name, being conducted by his two sons. The Doctor retired from active business duties more than a dozen years ago, but has never ceased to take an interest in pharmaceutical and medical affairs. His name is closely associated with pharmaceutical manufacturers, and his pen has contributed much to the practical knowledge on this subject. The Doctor had reached the ripe old age of eighty-two years, but with such useful citizens the end is never delayed too long, so that all who knew him mourn his decease.

Dr. Thomas A. Quayle, Professor of Pharmacy in Tulane's Medical Department, New Orleans, La., died November 16. Dr. Quayle was single. He is mourned by a brother, J. W. Quayle, and two sisters, Mrs. Dr. J. M. Matter and Mrs. Dr. J. R. Adams. Drs. Matter and Adams are prominent New Orleans gentlemen, the former being a druggist and the latter a physician.

Dr. Quayle was born in New Orleans thirty-one years ago. His early life was spent in studying medicine and pharmacy. When he was thoroughly versed in this, his chosen profession, he was graduated as an M. D. at Tulane College in 1891. He was awarded his diploma as pharmacist two years later. From assistant instructor in pharmacy he was elevated to the professorship. He was an able teacher and was held in high esteem by his associates. He was a valued member of the A. Ph. A., and anticipated being present at the St. Louis meeting next September.

Glass Stoppers as Labels.-A correspondent calls attention to the convenience of using the rough surface of ground glass stoppers for writing notes relative to the contents of the bottle. He uses an ordinary lead pencil. The writing can be easily removed with a damp cloth.

building up a substantial trade and making friends, as he always does wherever his lot is cast. This will be good news to his many friends in all parts of the State.

Dr. Louis Bergau, Jefferson City, Mo., who will be remembered by most of the old druggists of the State, came from Syracuse, N. Y., in 1858, in which city he had practiced medicine. He located in Jefferson City and established a drug store, in which he remained until the beginning of the Civil War, when he closed out and enlisted in the Federal Army, serving until the close of the war, 1865. In that year he entered the firm of Heyer & Collier, at Rolla, as partner, and at the end of three years the firm dissolved. He then moved to St. Clair, Franklin County, starting the first drug store in that section of the country and successfully conducting the same for four years. At the end of that time he entered the office of Register of Lands, at

We Acknowledge the Receipt, through the courtesy of Secretary H. M. Whelpley, of the Proceedings of Missouri Pharmaceutical Association, 1900-the twenty-second annual meeting, held at Pertle Springs, June 12 to 15; President Dr. H. M. Pettit in the chair. The Missouri association, which has a membership of over 300, is one of the strongest associations in the country, and is noted for the good fellowship that prevails throughout its membership.-[California Druggist.

To Graduates of Pharmacy registering in Missouri: The following is the blank form which must be signed and the corporate seal attached by the dean or secretary of the college of pharmacy from which you were graduated. It is not necessary to send your diploma. The blank remains on file in the secretary's office as authority for issuing a certificate of registration without submitting to an examination, according to Section 3040, Revised Statutes of Missouri:

maining six years. He afterwards held the same position in the General Land Office at Washington, D. C., until 1868, when he again embarked in the drug business at Jefferson City, where, on March 5, 1888, a sudden and untimely death overtook him, closing a most active and honorable life.

Thornton & Stone, wholesale and retail druggists, Clinton, Mo.-One of the largest, most popular and best-known firms that ever did business in Southwest Missouri was the above. Dr. W. T. Thornton, the senior member, was born and educated in Virginia, and was a typical Southern gentleman. After graduating in medicine, he came West, and, after a few years, retired from the practice with a competency and moved to Clinton from his large farm. About this time, W. S. Stone, a thorough young business man, married his only daughter, Carrie, who possessed many of the qualities of her father-as high an encomium as could be bestowed upon her. About this time the firm was established. The doctor was never active in the store, leaving it to Mr. Stone, who was a shrewd, sagacious business man. Their business, the first year, was $4,000.00; the last year, 1874, over $50,000.00. They were large buyers, as some of the ledgers of old drug houses will attest. The firm was burned out in 1874, and never again went into business, the doctor retiring and W. S. Stone embarking in business in St. Louis, under the firm name of Dyar, Hewitt & Stone, wholesale grocers. Both died in Clinton some years since, mourned by the whole

community, and they will be remembered until time is no more.

You may break, you may shatter the vase if you will,
But the scent of the rose will hang around still.

A. Brandenberger, Jefferson City, Mo.-While the State Capital has had some of the most experienced druggists and

A Few of the Druggists and "Apotheker" of Missouri. Mr. Theo. J. Bolton, of Clinton, Mo., is the author of the following sketches. Mr. Bolton does not attempt to cover the entire State. He is simply mentioning those with whom he is well acquainted personally or by reputation, and they are limited to Southwest and Central Missouri. He leaves for someone else those many bright lights in every part of the State who deserve mention.

Henry P. Long, Hannibal, Mo., began the drug business in Paris, Mo., 1868, the firm name being Smith & Long. At the end of the first year he purchased the interest of Dr. Smith and continued the business in Paris until August 15 of this year, when he sold to O. P. Vaughn & Co., and bought the stock of W. B. Humrich, of Hannibal, Mo., where he is prospering and

A. BRANDENBERGER.

apotheks in the early years of its history, who have been an honor to the community in which they lived, to their profession and to their country, their mantles have fallen on younger men whom they have fitted handsomely and will ever protect. One who deserves especial mention is A. Brandenberger, the efficient

president of the State Board, who is a thorough pharmacist, a competent officer and a progressive citizen. Mr. Brandenberger enjoys the fullest confidence of the craft and the citizens of his city, and guards their interests as the eagle does its young.

A. W. Rogers, Lucas, Henry County, Mo., came to Henry County from Palmyra, in the early 70s, and located in the above place, buying out Wm. Lillie (another old-timer). There is no one better known in Henry County than "Doc" Rogers. He is known as the champion laugher in this section of the country. As soon as he arrives in Clinton, his advent is heralded by his laugh, which can be heard for blocks. "Doc" tells a good story of his laughing. When a young man he went to California, and in San Francisco, one night, he sat by a gentleman at the theater, and both being of a genial nature they soon became friends and spent a very pleasant evening. At the close of the performance they separated, never expecting to see each other again. Twenty years afterward, "Doc" was attending a play in St. Louis, which had not progressed very far when a gentleman made his way over to "Doc" and said, "how are you?" Rogers broke out in a laugh and said: "You have me; I don't know you." The other replied, "I met you twenty years ago in 'Frisco, and I knew you were here by that laugh." With his genial nature he attracts friends. He is fortunate in having an estimable wife who is well versed in the culinary art, and it is a pleasure to visit this happy home where the latch-string is always out.

Missouri Items.

Martin & Norwood are succeeded at Russellville, Mo., by Dr. J. B. Martin.

Dr. M. H. Cochran, Pleasant Hope, Mo., is successor of the Cochran & Klingner Co., of that place.

Paul L. Hess, president of the Missouri Pharmaceutical Association, is enjoying an extended vacation. In company with a congenial party, he is hunting in Southern Arkansas.

S. Jackson Brown, a graduate of the St. Louis College of Pharmacy, is doing relief work for H. C. Garrett & Co., of Caruthersville, Mo., while Mr. Carl Hamilton takes the senior course in the college.

William Oscar Baker, of Centralia, Mo., a member of the graduating class of the St. Louis College of Pharmacy, spring of 1900, was married, October 25, to Miss Lida Jane Taylor, of Huntsville, Mo. Mr. Baker is a bright young man as well as a thorough pharmacist, and his bride is described by a local paper as one of the brightest feminine jewels of that city.

S. JACKSON BROWN.

A Mineral Well of real medicinal value exists in Appleton City, Mo. It is a veritable fountain of health, flowing nearly one hundred gallons per minute. The pharmacists of that city, in common with the enterprising citizens, take a special interest in the well and are giving publicity to this boon for the afflicted.

D. R. Brown succeeds Crawford & Brown, at Memphis, Mo.

Alfred O. Herpolsheimer, of St. Joseph, Mo., who was a member of the senior class of the St. Louis College of Pharmacy last year, is now on a ranch near Colorado Springs, recuperating his health. On account of lung trouble physicians advised him to seek that climate.

Mr. J. W. Potter, a member of the Missouri Pharmaceutical Association, who has

A. O. HERPOLSHEIMER.

long resided in California, is now located with A. F. Resterer, at St. Joseph, Mo., and, of course, keeps good his membership in the State Association.

Casein is now largely used in the manufacture of cold water paint.

N. A. R. D.

The Last of His Race.-It is a pleasure to note that the last cutter in Stephenson County, Illinois (Freeport, county seat), has restored prices. This is due to the benign influence of the vigorous Northern Illinois Association.

Ohio. In the territory covered by the Northern Ohio Association, three aggressive cutters have recently restored prices on proprietaries. The work of this society is a credit to the tireless and unselfish men who are directing its efforts.

The Secretaries of the Associations in membership are requested to write to the national secretary without delay as to the action taken by their respective bodies concerning the letters to the affiliated societies issued August 7 and October 1.

Since Bulletin No. 9 was issued, the following manufacturers, in addition to those given therein, have adopted a definite list of wholesale distributers: A. C. Meyer & Co., Baltimore; B. O. & G. C. Wilson, Boston; The B. J. Kendall Co., Enosburg Falls, Vt.

From Ocean to Ocean.-A good illustration of the truly national character of the N. A. R. D. is the fact that the last two associations to become affiliated are those of Charleston, S. C., and Burlington, Vt. These associations represent practically the entire drug trade of the two cities.

At a Meeting of the Illinois Druggists' Association held in Elgin, October 16, the decision was reached to put an organizer into the field to form local societies, and in every other way increase the organization's effectiveness. The meeting was marked by unusual enthusiasm. The secretary and the treasurer of the Chicago association were present.

President J. A. Lockie, of the Erie County (N. Y.) Pharmaceutical Association, telegraphed Secretary Wooten, October 31, that his society is to be reorganized on the plan of the Northern Ohio Association. There is no doubt of the association's increased usefulness under the new arrangement, and the N. A. R. D., as well as the Erie County Association, is to be congratulated on the change.

The Committee on National Legislation is receiving many encouraging letters from druggists and others interested in the stamp tax on medicinal preparations. From present indications, this measure will receive attention early in the approach ing session of Congress. The members of the national association are urged to call on their Senators and Congressmen previous to the assembling in Washington and insist upon the immediate repeal of this burdensome and discriminating tax.

The Chicago Retail Druggists' Association now has a competent organizer in the field, and the association is growing rapidly. The city is being divided into districts, each of which is a component part of the city organization. The work is progressing in a very satisfactory manner. In this association there are determined men (and they are not a few) who have decided that the conditions of the drug trade in Chicago can be and shall be improved.

A Hint to Pharmaceutical and Other Writers.Say what you have to say and stop. Do not beat about the bush in order to have a paper fill forty-five minutes instead of fifteen. Some papers have as many twists in them as the parody of "Hiawatha," which follows:

With the skin he made his mittens;
Made them with the fur side inside,
Made them with the skin side outside.
He, to get the warm side inside,
Put the inside skin side outside;
He, to get the cold side outside,
Put the warm side, fur side, inside.
That's why he put the fur side inside,
Why he put the skin side outside,
Why he turned them inside outside.

-[Bulletin of Pharmacy.