1.X.

In each revolution, the breath, the nod, of the fovereign CHA P. had been accepted by a fubmiffive clergy; and a fynod of three hundred bishops was always prepared to hail the triumph, or to ftigmatize the fall, of the holy, or the execrable, Photius (9). By a delufive promife of fuccour or reward, the popes were tempted to countenance these various proceedings; and the fynods of Conftantinople were ratified by their epiftles or legates. But the court and the people, Ignatius and Photius, were equally adverfe to their claims; their minifters were infulted or imprisoned; the proceffion of the Holy Ghoft was forgotten; Bulgaria was for ever annexed to the Byzantine throne; and the fchifm was prolonged by their rigid cenfure of all the multiplied ordinations of an irregular patriarch. The darkness and corruption of the tenth century fufpended the intercourse, without reconciling the minds, of the two nations. But when the Norman sword restored the churches of Apulia to the jurisdiction of Rome, the departing flock was warned, by a petulant epistle of the Greek patriarch, to avoid and abhor the errors of the Latins. The rifing majefty of Rome could no longer brook the infolence of a The popes rebel; and Michael Cerularius was excommunicated in the excommuheart of Conftantinople by the pope's legates. Shaking patriarch of the duft from their feet, they depofited on the altar of St. ConftantiSophia a direful anathema (10), which enumerates the fe- nople and ven mortal herefies of the Greeks, and devotes the guilty A.D. 1054teachers, and their unhappy fectaries, to the eternal fociety July 16. of the devil and his angels. According to the emergencies of the church and ftate, a friendly correfpondence was fometimes refumed; the language of charity and concord was fometimes affected; but the Greeks have never recanted their errors; the popes have never repealed their fentence and from this thunderbolt we may date the confummation of the fchifm. It was enlarged by each ambitious ftep of the Roman pontiffs: the emperors blushed and trembled at the ignominious fate of their royal bre

thren

(9) The fynod of Conftantinople, held in the year 869, is the 8th of the general councils, the laft affembly of the Eaft which is recognised by the Roman church. She rejects the fynods of Conftantinople of the years 867 and 879, which were, however, equally numerous and noify; but they were favourable to Photius.

(10) See this anathema in the Councils, tom. xi. p. 1457-1460,

nicate the

the Greeks,

CHA P. thren of Germany; and the people was fcandalized by the LX. temporal power and military life of the Latin clergy (11).

A. D. 1100-1200.

The averfion of the Greeks and Latins was nourifhed Enmity of the Greeks and manifefted in the three first expeditions to the Holy and Latins, Land. Alexius Comnenus contrived the abfence at least of the formidable pilgrims his fucceffors, Manuel and Ifaac Angelus, confpired with the Moflems for the ruin of the greatest princes of the Franks; and their crooked and malignant policy was feconded by the active and voluntary obedience of every order of their fubjects. Of this hostile temper, a large portion may doubtless be afcribed to the difference of language, drefs, and manners, which fevers and alienates the nations of the globe. The pride, as well as the prudence, of the fovereign, was deeply wounded by the intrufion of foreign armies, that claimed a right of traverfing his dominions and paffing under the walls of his capital: his fubjects were infulted and plundered by the rude strangers of the Weft; and the hatred of the pufillanimous Greeks was sharpened by fecret envy of the bold and pious enterprises of the Franks. But these profane causes of national enmity were fortified and inflamed by the venom of religious zeal. Inftead of a kind embrace, an hofpitable reception from their Chriftian brethren of the East, every tongue was taught to repeat the names of fchifmatic and heretic, more odious to an orthodox ear than thofe of pagan and infidel: inftead of being loved for the general conformity of faith and worship, they were abhorred for fome rules of difcipline, fome questions of theology, in which themfelves or their teachers might differ from the Oriental church. In the crufade of Louis the feventh, the Greek clergy wafhed and purified the altars which had been defiled by the facrifice of a French prieft. The companions of Frederic Barbaroffa deplore the injuries which they endured, both in word and deed, from the peculiar rancour of the bifhops and monks. Their prayers and fermons excited the people against the impious Barbarians; and the patriarch is accufed of declaring, that the faithful might obtain the redemption of all their fins

by

(11) Anna Comnena (Alexiad, 1 i. p. 31-33.) reprefents the abhorrence, not only of the church, but of the palace, for Gregory VII. the popes, and the Latin communion. The ftyle of Cinnamus and Nicetas is ftill more vehement. Yet how calm is the voice of history compared with that of polemics!

LX.

1

by the extirpation of the fchifmatics (12). An enthufiaft, CHA P. named Dorotheus, alarmed the fears, and restored the confidence, of the emperor, by a prophetic affurance, that the German heretic, after affaulting the gate of Blachernes, would be made a fignal example of the divine vengeance. The paffage of these mighty armies were rare and perilous events; but the crufades introduced a frequent and familiar intercourse between the two nations, which enlarged their knowledge, without abating their prejudices. The wealth The Latins and luxury of Conftantinople demanded the productions of at Conftan tinople : every climate; thefe imports were balanced by the art and labour of her numerous inhabitants; her fituation invites the commerce of the world; and, in every period of her existence, that commerce has been in the hands of foreigners. After the decline of Amalphi, the Venetians, Pifans, and Genoefe, introduced their factories and settlements into the capital of the empire: their fervices were rewarded with honours and immunities; they acquired the poffeffion of lands and houses; their families were multiplied by marriages with the natives; and, after the toleration of a Mahometan mofch, it was impoffible to interdict the churches of the Roman rite (13). The two wives of Manuel Comnenus (14) were of the race of the Franks; the first, a fifter-in-law of the emperor Conrad; the fecond, a daughter of the prince of Antiach: he obtained for his fon Alexius a daughter of Philip Augustus king of France; and he bestowed his own daughter on a marquis of Montferrat, who was educated and dignified in the

palace

(12) His anonymous historian (de Expedit. Aftat, Fred. F. in Canifii Lection. Antiq. tom. iii. pars ii. p. 511. edit. Bafnage) mentions the fermons of the Greek patriarch, quomodo Græcis injunxerat in remiffionem peccatorum peregrinos occidere et delere de terra. Tagino observes (in Scriptores Freher. tom, i. p. 409. edit. Struv.), Græci hæreticos nos appellant: clerici et monachi dictis et factis perfequuntur. We may add the declaration of the emperor. Baldwin fifteen years afterwards: Hæc eft (gens) que Latinos omnes non hominum nomine, fed canum dignabatur; quorum fanguinem effundere penè inter merita reputabant (Gesta Innocent. III. c. 92. in Muratori, Script. Rerum Italicarum. tom. iii. pars i. p. 536.). There may be fome exaggeration, but it was as effectual for the action and reaction of hatred.

(13) See Anna Comnena (Alexiad, l. vi. p. 161, 162.), and a remarkable. paffage of Nicetas (in Manuel. 1. v. c. 9), who obferves of the Venetians, κατα σμήνη και φρατρίας την Κωνσαντινε πολιν της οικείας αλλάξαντος &c.

(14) Ducange, Fam. Byzant. p. 186, 187

cre,

CHAP. palace of Conftantinople. The Greek encountered the LX. arms, and afpired to the empire, of the Weft; he esteemed the valour, and trufted the fidelity, of the Franks (15); their military talents were unfitly recompenfed by the lucrative offices of judges and treaturers; the policy of Manuel had folicited the alliance of the pope; and the popular voice accused him of a partial bias to the nation and religion of the Latins (16). During his reign, and that of his fucceffor Alexius, they were expofed at Conftantinople to the reproach of foreigners, heretics, and favourites; and this triple guilt was feverely expiated in the tumult, which announced the return and elevation of Andronicus (17). their maffa- The people rofe in arms; from the Afiatic fhore the tyrant A. D. 1183. difpatched his troops and gallies to affift the national revenge; and the hopeless refiftance of the ftrangers ferved only to juftify the rage, and fharpen the daggers, of the affaffins. Neither age, nor fex, nor the ties of friendship or kindred, could fave the victims of national hatred, and avarice, and religious zeal the Latins were flaughtered in their houses and in the streets; their quarter was reduced to afhes; the clergy was burnt in their churches, and the fick in their hofpitals; and fome estimate may be formed of the flain from the clemency which fold above four thoufand Chriftians in perpetual flavery to the Turks. The priefts and monks were the loudest and most active in the deftruction of the fchifmatics; and they chaunted a thankf giving to the Lord, when the head of a Roman cardinal, the pope's legate, was fevered from his body, faftened to the tail of a dog, and dragged, with favage mockery, through the city. The more diligent of the ftrangers had retreated on the firft alarm, to their veffels, and escaped

through

(15) Nicetas in Manuel. 1. vii. c. 2. Regnante enim (Manuele).... apud eum tantain Latinus populus repererat gratiam, ut neglectis Graeculis fuis tanquam viris mollibus et effœminatis, folis Latinis grandia committeret negotia.... erga eos profufâ liberalitate abundat... ex omni orbe ad eum tanquam ad benefactoren nobiles et ignobiles concurrebant. Willerm. Tyr. xxii. c. 10.

(16) The fufpicions of the Greeks would have been confirmed, if they had feen the political epiftles of Manuel to pope Alexander III. the enemy of his enemy Frederic I. in which the emperor declares his wifh of uniting the Greeks and Latins as one flock under one shepherd, &c. (See Fleury; Hift. Ecclef. tom. xv. p. 178. 213. 243.).

(17) See the Greek and Latin narratives in Nicetas (in Alexio Comneno, c. 10.) and William of Tyre (1. xxii. c. 10, 11, 12, 13.); the first soft and concife, the fecond loud, copious, and tragical.

LX.

through the Hellefpont from the scene of blood. In their C H AP. flight, they burnt and ravaged two hundred miles of the fea-coaft; inflicted a severe revenge on the guiltless subjects of the empire; marked the priests and monks as their peculiar enemies; and compenfated, by the accumulation of plunder, the lofs of their property and friends. On their return, they exposed to Italy and Europe the wealth and weakness, the perfidy and malice, of the Greeks, whofe vices were painted as the genuine characters of herefy and fchifm. The fcruples of the first crufaders had neglected the fairest opportunities of fecuring, by the poffeffion of Conftantinople, the way to the Holy Land: a domeftic revolution invited, and almoft compelled, the French and Venetians to atchieve the conqueft of the Roman empire of the Eaft.

character of

A. D.

1185-1195.

In the feries of the Byzantine princes, I have exhibited Reign and the hypocrify and ambition, the tyranny and fall, of Andronicus, the last male of the Comnenian family who reigned gelus, at Conftantinople. The revolution, which caft him headlong from the throne, faved and exalted Ifaac Angelus (18), Sept. 12. who defcended by the females from the fame Imperial dynafty. The fucceffor of a fecond Nero might have found it an easy talk to deferve the esteem and affection of his fubjects: they fometimes had reafon to regret the adminiftration of Andronicus. The found and vigorous mind of the tyrant was capable of difcerning the connection between his own and the public intereft; and while he was feared by all who could infpire him with fear, the unfuspected people, and the remote provinces, might blefs the inexorable juftice of their mafter. But his fucceffor was vain and jealous of the fupreme power, which he wanted courage and abilities to exercife; his vices were pernicious, his virtues (if he poffeffed any virtues) were ufelefs to mankind; and the Greeks, who imputed their calamities to his negligence, denied him the merit of any tranfient or accidental benefits of the times. Ifaac flept on the throne, and was awakened only by the found of pleasure: his vaçant hours were amufed by comedians and buffoons, and

even

(18) The hiftory of the reign of Ifaac Angelus is compofed, in three books, by the fenator Nicetas, p. 228-290.); and his offices of logothete, or principal fecretary, and judge of the veil or palace, could not bribe the impartiality of the hiftorian. He wrote, it is true, after the fall and death of his benefactor.

い