No. 9.

1. If an Englishman die in France, having acquired a domicile there, what rule governs the distribution of his personal property invested in France, and what rule the destination of his real estate situated in England?

2. What are the principal rights and duties attaching to independent states in virtue of their equality inter se ?

3. What are the "King's Chambers," and in what respect does the sovereignty exercised over them encroach on the general rule of international law?

4. What was the nature of the original right which Great Britain acquired over (1) Canada, (2) New South Wales, (3) Gibraltar, (4) Ceylon?

5. What is there peculiar in the position of the British consuls at the ports of Turkey and her dependencies?

6. Under what circumstances is the practice of privateering still lawful in time of war?

7. When a state declares war, to what extent may it confiscate the property of subjects of the other belligerent which happens to be in its territory at the moment of opening hostilities? Along with questions 3 of No. 4; and 11 of No. 5.

No. 10.

1. How far does bankruptcy in England entitle a trader to any advantages in an American state?

Along with questions 4, 6, 8, 12, 13 of No. 2; 12 of No. 3; 2 of No. 4; and 2, 7, 8, 10 of No. 5.

No. 11.

Questions 8, 9, 10 of No. 2; 13 of No. 3; 2 of No. 4; 9 of No. 5; and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 of No. 8.

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QUESTIONS ON MERCANTILE AND COMMERCIAL LAW.

Set to Candidates for the Consular Service, who are required to show a sufficient knowledge of British Mercantile and Commercial Law to enable them to deal with questions arising between British Shipowners, Shipmasters, and Seamen."

No. 1.

1. What is meant by the consideration of a contract? Must the consideration be expressed in order to make a written contract binding? Is a moral consideration a sufficient consideration? When is a consideration said to be executed and when executory?

2. If a bill of exchange in the hands of the indorsee is dishonoured, what steps must the indorsee take in order to recover on the bill, and against whom will his action lie?

3. What is meant by the terms "charter-party," "bottomry," spondentia," "general average," and "demurrage "?

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4. What is the right of stoppage in transitu, and when can it be exercised?

5. Under what circumstances can a passenger be compelled to assist in working the vessel ?

6. What is the evidence required to show the ownership of a British ship?

7. What kinds of damage are indicated by the following expressions: "acts of God," "perils of the sea," "barratry," "takings at sea," and "jettison ?"

8. When do contracts by one partner bind the firm ?

9. What is meant by a shipowner's lien for freight?

10. What is the limit of time within which actions on simple contract can be generally brought? In what manner can demands be kept alive, so as to be enforceable after the usual limit of time has been passed?

11. Under what circumstances will a seaman quitting his ship not be guilty of desertion?

No. 2.

1. What is fraudulent preference by an indebted trader? What circumstances tend to show that this character belongs to a particular act, and what to show the contrary?

2. When the voyage of a ship is suspended unavoidably for repairs, will freight continue to run against the merchant? How does this depend on the form of the agreement?

3. What are the statutory rules respecting the time at which the master or owner of a foreign-going ship is to pay the seamen their wages? What rules must the master observe as to keeping and giving in his accounts with the seamen ?

4. When the voyage of a ship, so far as the underwriters' risk is concerned, is to end when she has been moored 24 hours in good safety, whence arises the importance of the expression "in good safety ?"

5. When a surety has paid the debt of his principal, what rights does the law give him (1) against his principal, (2) against co-sureties? Along with questions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 of No. 1.

No. 3.

1. What are the legal requisites to the validity of bottomry securities? 2. If the holder of a promissory note suspend his remedy against the maker, what is the position of an indorser?

3. State briefly the various modes in which an agent's power to render his principal liable to third persons may be put an end to.

4. Mention briefly the modes in which partnerships are dissolved. 5. State the provisions of the seventeenth section of the Statute of Frauds.

6. In a common contract of sale, what are the duties which, apart from special agreement, the English law imposes on the vendor of goods?

Along with questions 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 of No. 1.

LAW OF EVIDENCE.

1. Define a "disputable presumption of law," and give examples of such presumptions. What effect has a disputable presumption on the burden of proof?

2. Describe briefly the character of the questions which may be asked in cross-examination, but may not be put in an examination-inchief. To what limits is a counsel confined in re-examination? 3. What is an "estoppel," and what effect has it? What is the meaning of the rule that a deed which can take effect by interest shall not be construed to take effect by estoppel?

4. What was the old and what is the new rule of law as to the evidence of parties to a legal proceeding? How has the procedure of Parliamentary Committees been affected by the change in the law?

5. What is "hearsay evidence," and on what grounds is it objectionable? For what reason are the "Res Gesta" made an apparent exception to the rule as to hearsay?

6. What is the nature of the privity between persons, which will make the admissions of one of them evidence against another? Give examples of such privity.

7. What are privileged communications, and within what limits are professional communications privileged? Are secrets of state privileged, and, if so, who is it that must take the objection as to their non-admissibility in evidence?

8. What is secondary evidence, and under what circumstances can it be given? What is the rule as to the production of title deeds? 9. Enumerate briefly the grounds on which a witness may lawfully refuse to answer a question.

10. When a witness seeks to refresh his memory by the use of a written document, under what circumstances must the document have been written?

11. Within what limits is it true that a material alteration, discoverable on the face of a written instrument, will be fatal to its admissibility in evidence?

ELEMENTS OF POLITICAL ECONOMY.

No. 1.

1. How far are protective duties in favour of manufactures in a new country theoretically defensible?

2. State and explain Ricardo's theory of rent.

3. Show that there cannot be an over-production of commodities in general.

4. In what way is absenteeism a pecuniary loss to a country?

5. In what sense is labour a measure of value?

6. What is meant by exchanges being against a country?

7. In what way does credit influence prices?

8. Discuss the question whether a high rate of wages necessarily lays the commerce of a country under a disadvantage with reference to a country where the rate of wages is lower.

9. Are taxes on imports in any way paid by foreigners?

10. Can a convertible currency be properly based on anything besides the precious metals?

11. To what extent is a commercial crisis the effect of a general excess of production?

12. What are the chief causes that determine the rate of interest?

No. 2.

1. How are the wages of labour affected by the introduction of machinery?

2. Why is it that profits tend to a minimum, and how is that tendency

retarded.

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3. What is means by money being dear"? Upon what does the rate of interest depend? Mention any attempts made in different countries to control it by legal enactments? How far is such a course advisable?

4. How do you measure the advantage of any nation's foreign trade? 5. Analyze "cost of production." How far do wages, profits, rent, enter into it? What is the cause of the difference between market value and "natural" value?

6. Explain the terms wages, interest, profit, rent. How would you class the remuneration of a managing partner in a business who had no share in the capital?-of a sleeping partner? The annual gains of a successful patentee ?-of a successful author? What is the produce which a landlord receives from a metayer-tenant to be termed? What the surplus produce of a ryot community, after land tax is paid?

7. Distinguish between circulating and fixed capital, and illustrate the practical importance of the distinction. How would you class a locomotive (1) in the shop of the maker, (2) on the premises of the railway company? A nursery gardener's seeds, greenhouses, manures? A carpenter's tools, woods, nails? 8. What effect has a compulsory regulation of the rate of wages? 9. What are the causes which for a time arrest the influence on prices of a greatly increased production of the precious metals?

10. What are the two great functions of the Bank of England? How far are they separated, and from what period does the separation date ?

11. Under what limitations is it true that non-commuted tithe or any similar impost is a burden on rent?

Along with questions 6 and 7 of No. 1.

No. 3.

Set to Candidates for the situation of Inspector of Schools (Ireland). Two hours allowed.

1. Why does the division of labour increase wealth?

2. How does a system of credit tend to increase wealth?

3. Explain the distinction between market or actual wages, and natural or necessary wages.

4. What is the effect of the introduction of machinery on the condition of the labouring classes?

5. Explain the meaning of the term "equation" of supply and demand.

6. Is rent a component part of price?

7. What are the relations of interest and profit? On what causes does the rate of interest depend?

8. What are the causes of fluctuation in the value of the precious metals? What are the advantages of a paper currency? Along with questions 8 and 11 of No. 2.