12. Kerosene and Lime (Limoid), 20 per cent. Kerosene, showed 55 per cent. of the scale dead on Jan. 11th.

13. The same material applied to apple at the same time and strength, showed 70 per cent. of the scale dead.

14. Moderately infested apple, plum, pear and peach sprayed with Kerosene Emulsion (20 per cent. Kerosene), have 95 per cent. of ail scales dead at the 1st of the present month. Th wide difference in results in using the oils is probably due to the fact that Kerosene tends to separate from preparations with water. These mixtures being applied to the Scurfy Scale on pear and apple did not seem to affecct it in the least, the eggs being apparently healthy.

15. Kerosene mixture used on plum, apple and pear, moderately infested with San José Scale, was sprayed on Sept. 22nd, and examined on Jan. 11th, with the result that 90 per cent. of the scale were found dead. (20 per cent. of kerosene.)

16. Warren's "Sand Oil" or Crude Petroleum, used as it came from the barrel, was applied on pear and apple encrusted with San José Scale on Nov. 17th and examined on Jan. 10th. All San José Scales were found dead, but the eggs of the Scurfy were not affected, or at least had the appearance of being uninjured.

17. Experiments with Whale Oil Soap two pounds to one gallon of water on pear and plum, killed 55 per cent. of the scale. This application was made on Nov. 1st, and last examined on Jan. 11th.

18. Caustic Soda, applied November 2nd, at the rate of (a) 7 and (b) 10 pounds to 50 gallons of water showed only 30 per cent. of dead scale. Both strengths burned the foliage of the trees, but at present we cannot tell if there was any further injury. Examina tion was made, as before, during the first week in January.

In conclusion I would sum up the results as follows:

(1) Caustic Soda is practically worthless as an insecticide for San José Scale.

(2) Whale Oil Soap gave very poor results, even when applied at the strength of two pounds to a gallon of water.

(3) A cheap grade of crude oil killed all the scales, but the trees were materially injured, the extent of which cannot be learned until a later date.

(4) Kerosene and its variations gave very good results in some instances, but very poor results in others. This is probably due to the fact that it is hard to keep the oil from separating from the water with which it is mixed. This same fact accounts for the

almost too expensive to be used by the average fruit grower.

(5) The Lime-sulphur-salt washes and variations have proven the most efficient in holding the scale in check. The "self-boiled" washes, where Caustic soda was used, destroyed about 10 per cent. less scale, in every instance, than did the boiled Lime-sulphur washes.

This material has proven the statement made by other experi mentors, that IT IS THE STANDARD APPLICATION, being the most efficient, cheapest, most beneficial on the trees and BEST ALL

AROUND REMEDY at present used in controlling this pest. It is capable of being put in the hands of the careless 'as well as the careful man, and if the former have no good results, he is at least sure of no injury resulting to his trees. Success with this, as with all other insecticides depends more upon proper work and prepara tion than upon the merit of the material itself.

Peach,
Plum,

25 July 25,

Aug. 25,...

50:

Pear.

13 20

FUNGOUS DISEASES OF ORCHARD TREES AND FRUITS.

By M. B. WAITE, Pathologist in Charge of Orchard Diseases,
United States Department of Agriculture.

SPRAYING MIXTURES.

It will not be possible for me to explain the method of preparation of all the spraying mixtures that have been used in the treatment of all the diseases which affect our fruit trees. I will therefore take up two of the leading mixtures used in the orchard and a few of the fungus and other diseases.

There are two preparations that stand our prominently as by far the best of all that are used in treating the orchard. The limesulphur-salt mixture is the best for spraying the trees while they are dormant, up to the time the buds have begun to swell in the spring. The Bordeaux mixture, especially if combined with an arsenite, is the best for spraying the trees when they are in foliage and fruit.

THE LIME-SULPHUR-SALT MIXTURE.

The formula varies for this considerably as used by different people in different sections. The mixture is so good that almost any combination of sulphur and lime properly boiled together, usually answers the purpose for which it is intended. We have adopted as our standard formula, however, 15 pounds of flour or flowers of sulphur, 20 pounds of high grade stone lime, 10 pounds of salt, to 50 gallons of water. The sulphur should be mixed with a little water in the form of a paste. About 10 gallons of water should be brought to a boil, or nearly so, the lime added and then the sul phur and salt all practically together. If the lime is not pure higli grade stone lime the amount should be increased so as to give the equivalent of pure lime. We have used partially air slaked lime with success, provided we increased the quantity. The mixture can be boiled in an iron kettle or better, by means of steam conducted through a pipe into a barrel or cask. While boiling the rest of the water should be added. This spray should be applied warm and mixed up immediately before using. It is effective against the curl leaf of the peach and against most of the apple cankers and bark diseases of fruit trees. It kills the spores of pear leaf blight, apple scab, the Monilia fungus and other things of that sort and retards the first appearance of these diseases but does not prevent summer attacks of them on the new growth. Furthermore it is the best known remedy against the San José Scale and certain other insect pests, so that it combines to a remarkable degree the fungicidal and insecticidal effect. It can not be used after the leaves are out, except possibly as a wash to apply directly to the trunks, as it injures foliage.

BORDEAUX MIXTURE.

The best all around fungicide for use on fruit trees is the Bordeaux mixture. There are various formulæ for making up this mixture and various methods of mixing. I can give only the essential points.