MR. HULTON: Would you advocate the use of a manger at all? PROF. VAN NORMAN: The question of a manger depends upon what you mean. A manger is where the cow eats her feed.

MR. HULTON: No manger at all, simply a hay rack to feed from, galvanized buckets, and rinse out clean every time you feed. And no feed left in the manger to make dirt.

PROF. VAN NORMAN: Any method that works is all right. If it works it is good. To me the labor of the cleansing of those buckets every day would overbalance the good.

A Member: Haven't you found it is hard to keep the cow clean where the manger is used?

PROF. VAN NORMAN: If you can keep the cow back with her heels on the edge of the trough, you can keep her cleaner. Now then does the advantage of the loose bucket that has to be washed after each use, pay for the labor?

DAIRY INSPECTION.

By GOVERNOR HOARD, of Wisconsin.

Mr. President: I am quite familiar with all the work which is be ing done to-day in Wisconsin. Let me say in the first place, that we have about 3,000 cheese factories and creameries, and we have somewhere in the neighborhood of 150,000 to 175,000 farmers contributing milk to those institutions. We have been confronted, in the progress of our dairy work, with the difficulty of securing cleanly work on the part of the cheese factory and the creamery and the farmer. We have suffered severely in the revenues of the state. We are suffering in Wisconsin, just as you are in Pennsylvania, from the indifference of the farmer to his own education. A large proportion of the men who supply milk to the cheese factories and the creameries in Wisconsin do not read a word. I would say not over fifteen or twenty per cent. of the men in Wisconsin who supply milk ever read a word on dairy subjects. This is a larger per cent. than is to be found in almost any state. It cuts out a large percentage of his profit, it makes him helpless before the difficulties of his own position. You cannot put the knowledge and understanding into his mind if he will not familiarize his mind with principles. In like character, but not to that extent, do we find men running cheese factories and creameries in the state who won't read or study, and who have no contact with information. I think the most powerful word in all the English language is that one word of seven letters, c-o-n-t-a-c-t. Men educate themselves and grow in knowledge and understanding in proportion as they have contact, with books, ideas, things, men. Now, when a man refuses himself contact, what then? By an inverse ratio he becomes not as gods, knowing good from evil,

but becomes a helpless creature to his environment. Now, we found hundreds of men running cheese factories and creameries in an unsanitary condition. We found ignorance defied, ignorance worshipped, rolled as a sweet morsel under the tongue, men worshipping ignorance. Let me give you an example: In one county in Wisconsin, occupied chiefly by Swiss people, ten million pounds of Swiss cheese is produced. We could not get those Swiss people to have any affiliation with our educational movement with our dairy association, with our dairy conventions, with our farmers' institutes. Like the average German everywhere throughout the world, they were full of their own racial prejudice, and I am part German myself. These Swiss people were full of their own conceit, and nobody on earth knew as much about making cheese as they. All at once there broke out through that district a tremendous disaster. One factory lost $3,000 worth of cheese, the cheese were bursting with fermentation. As one old German said to me, "What you call the devil, is to pay." "Yes," I says, "I guess so." For the first time in their lives they saw they needed the help of science on this question, and that their conceit did not help them a bit, and they ap pealed to the Wisconsin Association, and we sent an inspector to examine the condition of things. And what did we find? In the rear of each factory was a row of barrels, sunken in the ground, and each patron had a barrel, and every patron's whey was put into that barrel, and that barrel had not been cleaned in years, and the patron put that stinking rotten whey into the can that he brought his milk to the factory in, and took it home, and then the housewife cleaned and maybe she did not. Anyway, the milk came back to the factory reeking with bacteria and fermentation and all things whatsoever vile and unrighteous. And what was the result? Thousands upon thousands of dollars lost to those people because of self-conceit and ignorance. Now, then, we finally prevailed upon those people to listen. Professor Russell, our bacteriologist from the University, was sent down, a very practical man, not only a scientist of the very first water, but a constructive, practical man as well. And he went down there, and he did what he could, and we sent the inspectors, and the inspectors went around among these different creameries, and these cheese factories, and commenced to teach that cleanliness was among the first fruits of righteousness and good cheese making The difficulty was cured. These men, for the first time in their lives, saw how they had corrupted their own fortunes. That is one of the things an inspection force was able to do.

Now, then, we found that finally we worked up a sentiment in Wisconsin to such an extent that we prevailed upon the legislature last winter to give to the dairy and food commission an additional force of eight inspectors, an additional chemist, so now the dairy and food commission has a force of I think 14. Minnesota is ahead of us. She spends about $30,000 a year in fostering and promoting the dairy interests. Wisconsin will spend in the neighborhood of twenty to twenty-five thousand. Wisconsin has been paying to its own state dairymen's association, not an incorporated body, a body which I may say I first organized myself in 1872, $2,000 a year for doing educational work in the state. Now, then, we have got our forces into shape. What have we done? We have prosecuted 24, dirty, filthy cheese factory men after sending an inspector around

and saying to those men: "You must conduct your factory according to law; your factory is in an unsanitary condition. You have no right to ask the patron to be clean in his milk if you are not and will not be clean in the handling of it." Those men paid no sort of attention to this work. The inspector went there a second time, and they laughed at him, and some of them threatened to drive him out of the factory. Ignorance! Ignorance! There was a time when God winked at ignorance, but He got tired of it. Ignorance! The conceit of ignorance, the willfullness of ignorance, the danger of ignorance. What result? Commissioner Emery proceeded to prosecute these 24 men for keeping their factories in an unsanitary condition, and they were fined severely-from $25 to $50 apiece. Then there was a waking up and a shaking of dry bones. Creamery men have been prosecuted. Now, the law says in addition, that no farmer shall bring milk to a cheese factory or creamery in an unsanitary condition. And the law bears upon the milk producer as well as the milk handler, and I want to say to you, gentlemen, that I never saw such a quickening of the dairy sentiment of the State of Wisconsin as has happened since the passage of these laws, and the beginning of their installation. Now, this is an important thing, a very important thing to all of us.

Now, I say this about the inspection business, that one of the most valuable things to-day is that it compels the farmer, stops him and compels him to exercise his mind. He begins to say, "Well, what is this thing that is going to happen to me?" And you will find that at the cheese factories and creameries, the patrons will come together; it provokes meetings among them. The creamery man, the butter man is called on to explain to these people what this law is, and there is a beginning to face, for the first time in their lives, the actual real responsibility of their action before the law. That is conducive to thought, and that compels men to study. I want to say to you, gentlemen, we have never seen anything that has taken hold of the mentality of Wisconsin, particularly the agricultural classes, like the establishment of this system of inspection throughout the state. Now, I believe, I know, that Pennsylvania is a great dairy state, if it only knew it itself. In Pennsylvania you are like a great rope of sand. You are not organized, you are not compact, and you are not put in the shape where you can act and re-act on one another. Wherever in the United States you find state so organized and so compact that its action and re-action, flection and reflection, upon one another, in this state legislation has followed and the state has been put upon advanced ground. You will find in every instance that great financial prosperity has followed such action. And if I were to appeal to you from no other consideration than that of the most sordid character, the dollars and cents there are in it, I would say, move upon your legislature under wise direction for the enactment of such laws, and for the creation of such forces.

MR. NORTON: What brought to my attention this matter in the first place, was I found we had no way of making our patrons make good milk. They would keep their cows dirty, and bring us dirty milk. I got to thinking over the subject. I saw that this dairy inspection law in Michigan and Wisconsin was working well. I could see no reason why our State should not have a similar law. As

Governor Hoard has stated we are behind the times in Pennsylvania in our interests as dairymen. It is time we woke up. You cannot make pure milk out of milk that is contaminated at home. Dairy inspection must begin at home. It does very little good to inspect that milk after it reaches the city, or after it reaches the creamery. You cannot Pasteurize the dirt out of milk. Mr. Reichert brought up the question this morning that he did not believe in a compulsory law. Well, I do not know; I have had a good deal of experience with farmers. I know a great many men, unless you have got something that will compel them to do a thing, will not produce a good article. It has to be compulsory. In my mind a law that is not compulsory is no use in Pennsylvania. I do not know what it may be some other place, I think I can safely say, the Breeders' Association will be ready to help you all.

PROF. HILLS: The result of the inspection in our state has been to lessen the amount of butter that is made.

DR. BARCLAY: It seems to me that this question is one of paramount importance, and that milk, as all other products, should be sold at its value. If we had a law that would compel inspection and that would pay the producer the real value of the product, it seems to me that would encourage and benefit the dairyman.

MR. WAGNER: Possibly we might have force added to the State Live Stock Sanitary Board. I would like to hear from Dr. Pearson what the State Live Stock Board is doing in the way of improving the condition and output of the dairies of the State; also whether he could not give us some plan or suggestion by which we could improve the product by adding to the force of the Live Stock Sanitary Board.

DR. PEARSON: This subject is one I am very much interested in, and I think that I can see in this direction a chance for great dairy improvement from every standpoint, from the standpoint of the purchaser of the milk, the creamery man, and of the consumer When dairying was conducted in a simpler way than now, before the days of co-operation, a fault on the part of one producer injured his own product, but did not injure the product of his entire neighborhood. Now, under cooperation and under the creamery system, a few careless producers not only injure their own product, though it sells for a lesser price than it otherwise would, but they injure the product of their careful neighbors. Apparently there is no effective way of reaching these careless men excepting by some sort of inspection, and as Mr. Norton has brought out, there appears to be no particular advantage in rules or laws of inspection unless there are some means of enforcing them, unless some penalty is provided for violation of the standards that are adopted. If such a thing as this is carried through I should be in favor of a very moderate standard to begin with, but with the understanding that these standards would be increased as rapidly as the conditions of the trade warranted. In my work as State Veterinarian, I come across some places where milk is produced that cannot but be of tremendous harm, both with relation to the character of the producer of milk, the milk value, and the product, and also with regard to its whole

someness. There is, at present, no general inspection law under which a joint inspection can be made with a view of discovering such conditions, and I think that it would be a step in the right direction and a step decidedly progressive to take some action such as has been proposed.

The PRESIDENT: This is an important subject, and I hope we shall not leave it without taking some action, looking towards the accomplishment of some practical results. It is a good thing here to-day, and if we limit ourselves to that discussion, we shall not accomplish very much.

MR. NORTON: I have a resolution.

The PRESIDENT: That would be in order.

Mr. Norton read the following resolution.

Resolved, That the Pennsylvania Dairy Union advocate the pas sage of laws requiring efficient inspection of places where dairy products are made and handled. And, further, that the Board of Direc tors is hereby instructed to look up the laws of this and other states, and see that a bill is introduced into the next legislature to secure such inspection.

The PRESIDENT: What action will you take in regard to this resolution?

It was moved that it be adopted which motion was seconded.

MR. REICHERT: I should like to ask a question if it is in order. It seems to me, that in order to get the greatest amount of good out of any bill that we might present to the legislature, that there should be a committee to consider the character of the bill that is to be presented, and that all the members of the Dairy Union throughout Pennsylvania, in fact all dairymen, should be invited to send communications, with suggestions to that Committee, so that in addition to getting the benefit of the laws in the other states, we would have the suggestions of our own dairymen throughout Pennsylvania, and make a law as thorough as possible. It seems to me that would be the shortest and the best plan to get at it.

GOV. HOARD: Why not create here a committee on legislation? MR. REICHERT: That would be better, and then invite ideas.

GOV. HOARD: To whom the propositions come, with instructions that they prepare from all this data a suitable law to be proposed to the next session of your legislature.

MR. REICHERT: That is my idea exactly, to get the views of all of our people throughout the State to give the committee a chance to know the wishes and opinions of the people through the State. I think that would be a very desirable way to get at it. Has the Chair some plan by which we can embody that in that resolution?

MR. NORTON: We decided we would leave that in the hands of our Directors. No one is more alive to the interests of the Dairy